Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours
Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write your answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. Passage 1
The Atlantic Alliance Needs Tending
The U.S. and Europe. These days, they bicker almost like a couple whose long marriage is in danger of unravelling. The litany of misunderstandings and mutual resentment seems to be growing. From the death penalty to steel tariffs, from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to military spending, there is an abyss between American and European positions on innumerable issues.
Each side feels the other isn’t shouldering enough of the burdens facing both. The Europeans see an unbending posture, from the Bush
Administration’s protecting inefficient U.S. steel companies to its threats to take out Iraq’s Saddam Hussein—alone, if necessary. U.S. policymakers, for their part, are losing patience with Europeans’ inability to get serious about defence spending. The war in Afghanistan has brought home the
reality that much of Europe has fallen behind in military technology. And Washington is annoyed at Europe’s feckless attempts at economic reforms. As a result, Europe couldn’t play the role of economic locomotive to help pull the U.S. out of its downturn in 2001. This year, Europe is set to grow less than the U.S. once again.
Relationships in trouble can be fixed, and this one had better be. In a world increasingly fraught with danger, European leaders must commit themselves to bigger military budgets or risk being marginalised by the U.S. military machine. The $ 45.1 billion hike in military spending the Bush Administration is pushing for next year is $12.1 billion more than the entire defence budget of France. The U.S. could help by opening up more of its vast military market to European partners. And Washington should realise that in many global challenges a smart multilateral approach can be much more effective than unilateralism.
A world in which the U.S. and Europe go off on their own, in which the Atlantic alliance is reduced to mere lip service to ideals long since abandoned, is a frightening one.
Passage 2
New Technologies
Some new technologies are frightening from the start, and the need to establish political controls over their development and use is obvious to all.
When the first atomic bomb was detonated at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in the summer of 1945, not one of the witnesses to this event failed to understand that a terrible new potential for destruction had been created. Nuclear weapons were thus from the very beginning ringed with political controls: Individuals could not freely develop nuclear technology on their own or traffic in the parts necessary to create atomic bombs, and in time, nations that became signatories to the 1968 nonproliferation treaty agreed to control international trade in nuclear technology.
Other new technologies appear to be much more benign, and are consequently subject to little or no regulation. Personal computers and the Internet, for example, promised to create wealth, increase access to information, and foster community among their users. People have had to look hard for downsides to the information revolution. What they have found to date are issues like the so-called “digital divide” (i.e., inequality of access to information technology) and threats to privacy, neither of which qualify as earth-shaking matters of justice or morality. Despite occasional efforts on the part of the world’s more statist societies to try to control the use of information technology, it has blossomed in recent years. Biotechnology falls somewhere between these extremes. Transgenic crops and human genetic engineering make people far more uneasy than do personal computers or the Internet. But biotechnology also promises important benefits for human health and well-being. When presented with
an advance like the ability to cure diabetes, it is hard for people to articulate reasons why their unease with the technology should stand in the way of progress. It is easiest to object to a new biotechnology if its development leads to a botched clinical trial or to a deadly allergic reaction to a genetically modified food. But the real threat of biotechnology lies in the possibilities of human cloning, “designer babies”—eugenic selection for intelligence, sex, and personality—and eventually, the end of the human species as such.
Part 2
Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours
Read the following two passages. Translate them into English. Write your answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.
Passage 1
引导农民向城市转移
中国有12多亿人口，农民占了9亿多。尽管农村社会在进一步分化，但农村人口却没有减少，反而在增加。据中国社科院调查，与1978年相比，1999年农民增加了800多万人。一份研究报告指出，“没有城市化的发展，农村、
农业和农民的问题也不可能得到有效解决。过去人们常讲，农民问题归根到底是土地问题，这个问题已经基本解决了。现在的农民问题是就业问题。”因此，调整城乡社会结构，加快城市化的步伐，改变城市化严重滞后于工业化的状况，应是当务之急。一些经济学家估计，到2005年，中国农村剩余劳动力将上升至两亿人，这一庞大人口需要城市来吸纳。
转移庞大的农村人口，仅靠大城市显然是远远不够的，因为大城市的就业压力普遍较重。一些专家认为，农村人口转移的出路还是应以小城镇为主。城镇居民的生活支出、子女的教育投入等都比农民高出许多，城镇提供的就业机会也远比农村多。
Passage 2
中年人的阅读
随着年龄的增长，书会像潮水一样涌来。不能随便歌颂书了，书往往是一些垃圾。清除垃圾很难，但起码可以绕开，绕得越远越好。当然有时候对于某些书的疏离，不只是书本身的问题，而主要是人的问题：作为一个读者，他的心情变了。
让青少年兴奋的书，中老年人不一定看。人一到了中年，心情多多少少变得苍凉了。中年人的情感既结实又朴素，这就影响到书的选择。有阅读能力和阅读习惯的中年人是很多的，他们的知识、经验和判断力有可能在深层左右着阅读的方向和趣味。中年人更愿意看真实事件和场景的记录，比如重要人物的传记，游历笔记，回忆录和目击记，地理勘察录，探险记等等。在这种
阅读中有一些特别的快感，那是因为整个过程始终伴随了这样的提醒：这些文字是真实的。
中级笔译 考试时间：240分钟
Part 1
Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours
Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.
Passage 1 Artificial speech
Because speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. The primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. You will simply talk to it. The device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in.
Just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. Many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar
conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. But soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet by means of a keyboard. This will help the Internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks.
Changes like this will encompass the whole world. Because English is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.
Within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. We’re not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.
There are those in the IT community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. Personally, I believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. But it’s true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. Perhaps that will inspire some radically
new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods we’re developing now.
Small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. Lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. Most economies have both types of markets. But the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies.
Developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more
integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. Underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. So, compared with farmers in Canada, poor farmers in Bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities.
What limits market opportunities? The transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. And barriers to entry for new participants. What increases them? Institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency.
Yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. Institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not necessarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. For instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in Africa. And institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefulness, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. The challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic development.
Part 2
Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours
Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. Passage 1
保姆校长
常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。”他也真做得像个严父慈母：规定学生睡眠要足8小时，清晨6点必须起床做操，不许穿拖鞋
在校内行走，等等。
我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。教育者或许会说：“这些学生如果进大学以前，就已经学好自治自律的话，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因为基础教育没教好，所以我办大学的人不得不教。”
听起来有理，可是学生之所以在小学、中学12年间没有学会自治自律，就是因为他们一直接受喂哺式的辅导，大学再来继续进行“育婴”，这岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环？我们对大学教育的期许是什么？教出一个言听计从、循规蹈矩的学生，还是教出一个自己会看情况、做决定的学生？
Passage 2
发展问题
发展问题一直是世界各国普遍关注的问题。大部分发展中国家取得独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家的经济差距等方面，取得了巨大成绩。一些国家实现了经济“起飞”，甚至创造了“奇迹”。经济增长是社会发展的基础，但有增长不一定有发展。为了避免“有增长、无发展”的现象，世界各国都把可持续发展作为国家宏观经济发展战略的一种重要选择，并深刻认识到，人类需要一个持续发展的途径。这是人类发展观的重大转折，具有深远的历史意义。
然而，在保持生态环境问题上，发展中国家存在的问题较为严重。特别是，一些发展中国家或没有认识到可持续发展的深刻内涵，或认识得很不深刻，
采取的不得力。因此，在今后制定新的经济发展战略时，把可持续发展作为一个突出的重要内容，是大多数发展中国家面临的迫切和艰巨的任务。
考试时间：30分钟
Part 1 English into Chinese
[//表示停顿]
International Cooperation Against Transnational Organized Crime
Organized crime groups pose challenges as never before to societies everywhere. Whether involved in drug trafficking, money laundering, people smuggling or outright terrorism they operate in a sophisticated way without regard to national frontiers. The profits of crime are vast. The International Monetary Fund has stated that he aggregate size of money laundering in the world could be somewhere between two and five per cent of the world’s gross domestic product.
Putting a dollar figure on that, it is estimated that money laundering activity could now involve as much as 1.5 trillion US dollars a year, and it seems
likely that half of that figure is attributable to the proceeds of drug trafficking.//
Given that profits of this scale can be made, the temptations for people at all levels to get involved are manifest, and we must clearly understand and beak down the vicious cycle that exists between money laundering)and corruption: corruption has to be well funded to, succeed in its object of corrupting public officials and others, and that is being achieved all too often by the use of illicit assets.
The manner in which we respond to this problem is not only a test of our concern for a safer world, but a measure of our determination to create a decent future for coning generations.//
In the wake of the events of 11 September 2001, a war against terrorism is being pursued on various fronts. This includes a direct assault on money laundering, which is now recognized, more so than ever before, as an insidious crime which is all pervasive. It threatens the stability of our societies. It undermines our financial institutions. It challenges our national security.
As a transnational crime, money laundering can only be combated through close cooperation among national authorities efforts by states acting alone to attack the economic power of criminal groups will not succeed if other
states do not take complementary action. In the absence of a coordinated and effective international framework, all too often non-participating countries offer criminals safe havens for laundering funds.//
And as patterns of crime develop and become mere sophisticated and profitable, we in law enforcement must be adequately resourced, fully trained, and efficiently deployed We must prosecute the organized criminals, size their assets, and disrupt their operations. The fight against money laundering will be a protracted and complex process, and we must be prepaid to play a long game. Our societies expect no less of us.
For when we fight money laundering, we fight organized crime. When we fight money laundering, we keep drugs out playgrounds and away from our kids. We keep weapons out of the hands of terrorists. We protect small business. And we safeguard the human dignity of women and children trafficked into forced labor and prostitution. When we stop criminals from enjoying the of their illicit activity, we serve the cause of freedom and justice. For law enforcement, there is no higher calling.//
Part 2 Chinese into English
信息革命
当前，以信息技术为代表的高新技术发展日新月异，信息技术与信息产业正在有力地推动着经济全球化的进程，并由此产生了新的经济模式，催生了一
些新的产业，加速了世界性的产业结构、产品结构的调整，对全球社会经济活动产生了难以估量的影响。
全球信息产业技术目前正以两位数的年增长率高速排展，互联网已经连接了159个国家和地区，近3万个电脑网络、7000多万台服务器主机和1万多个数据库，上网用户已达1.96亿。整个信息产业的产值半年来更是提高了近100万倍。//
自第一台电子计算机在1946年问世以来，其发展速度是所有学科中最快的。近30多年来，计算机平均性能保持每年增长50%。根据摩尔定律，集成电路中芯片的计算能力每18至24个月会增长一倍。
通信与信息技术进步大大加快了全球经济一体化的进程。一方面，由于各国信息网络的发展和全球互联，加快了信息的传递和交流，极大地促进了国际贸易、国际金融和跨国生产经营活动的发展。另一方面，国际经济活动的高速发展和全球经济一体趋势的形成，又进一步扩大了国际信息交流的需求，促进了信息网络的建设与发展。//
目前，中国的信息产业发展速度较快，迈讨合资合作的方式引进了一些先进的生产线，并通过技术创新使信息产业的整体水平得到了提高。但是，我们也应该充分地认识到，面对市场竞争，尤其是面对国际竞争，一个最突出的弱点，就是我们缺乏具有自主知识产权的技术和产品。这些年，信息产业是在低基数下获得了高速发展，但是核心信息技术和应用中的产品、技术多是境外品牌，国内需求自给给率不到20%。
我们今后的挑战是，如何发挥中华民族优良的创意传统，促成全面适应引世纪新形势要求的民族信息产业的腾飞和蓬勃发展。//
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