第一章 PS/2鼠标键盘协议 Introduction: 引言
The PS/2 device interface, used by many modern mice and keyboards, was developed by IBM and originally appeared in the IBM Technical Reference Manual. However, this document has not been printed for many years and as far as I know, there is currently no official publication of this information. I have not had access to the IBM Technical Reference Manual, so all information on this page comes from my own experiences as well as help from the references listed at the bottom of this page.
PS/2设备接口用于许多现代的鼠标和键盘它是由IBM开发并且最初出现在IBM技术参考手册里但是当我知道的时候这篇文件就已经很多年没有印刷了因此关于这个内容现在没有官方的出版物我无法访问IBM的技术参考手册所以本网页中的所有信息都来自于我自己的经验及本页最下面列出的参考的帮助
译者注
这些参考的条目在本章的结尾处
This document descibes the interface used by the PS/2 mouse, PS/2 keyboard, and AT keyboard. I'll cover the physical and electrical interface, as well as the protocol. If you need higher-level information, such as commands, data packet formats, or other information specific to the keyboard or mouse, I have written separate documents for the two devices:
这个文件描述了用于PS/2鼠标PS/2键盘及AT键盘的接口我将论及物理和电气接口也包括协议如果你需要更高级的信息诸如命令数据包的格式或者其他关于键盘鼠标的特别细节那么我对这两种设备写了独立的文件
The PS/2 (AT) Keyboard Interface The PS/2 Mouse Interface
译者注
这两篇文章已经包含到这篇译文中来了
是第二章和第三章
I also encourage you to check out my homepage for more information related to this topic, including projects, code, and links related to the mouse and keyboard.
我同样鼓励你在我的主页上校对更多与这个话题相关的信息包括工程代码和与鼠标键盘有关的链接
The Connector: 连接器
The physical PS/2 port is one of two styles of connectors: The 5-pin DIN or the 6-pin mini-DIN. Both connectors are completely (electrically) similar; the only practical difference between the two is the arrangement of pins. This means the two types of connectors can easily be changed with simple hard-wired adaptors. These cost about $6 each or you can make your own by matching the pins on any two connectors. The DIN standard was created by the German Standardization Organization (Deutsches Institut fuer Norm) . Their website is at http://www.din.de/ (this site is in German, but most of their pages are also available in English.)
物理上的PS/2端口是两类连接器中的一种5脚的DIN或6脚的mini-DIN这两种连接器在电气特性上是十分类似的实际上两者只有一点不同那就是管脚的排列这就意味着这两类连接器可以很容易用一种简单的硬件连线的适配器来转换这种适配器大约每个值6美元或者你可以根据任意两种连接器的对应管脚关系做你自己的适配器DIN标准是由德国标准化组织(Deutsches Institut fuer Norm)建立的他们的网站在http://www.din.de/这个站点是德文的但他们的很多网页同样可用于英文
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
PC keyboards can have either a 6-pin mini-DIN or a 5-pin DIN connector. If your keyboard has a 6-pin mini-DIN and your computer has a 5-pin DIN (or visa versa), the two can be made compatible with the adaptors described above. Keyboards with the 6-pin mini-DIN are often referred to as \"PS/2\" keyboards, while those with the 5-pin DIN are called \"AT\" devices (\"XT\" keyboards also used the 5-pin DIN, but they are quite old and haven't been made for many years.) All modern keyboards built for the PC are either PS/2, AT, or USB. This document does not apply to USB devices, which use a completely different interface.
PC键盘可以有6脚的mini-DIN或5脚的DIN连接器如果你的键盘是6脚的mini-DIN而你的计算机是5脚的DIN或者相反这两类连接器可以用上面提到的适配器来兼容具有6脚mini-DIN的键盘通常被叫做PS/2键盘而那些有5脚DIN叫做AT设备XT键盘也使用5脚DIN但它们非常古老并且多年前就不生产了所有现代的为PC建造的键盘不是PS/2,AT就是USB的这篇文章不适用于USB设备它们使用了一种完全不同的接口
Mice come in a number of shapes and sizes (and interfaces.) The most popular type is probably the PS/2 mouse, with USB mice gaining popularity. Serial mice are also quite popular, but the computer industry is abandoning them in support of USB and PS/2 devices. This document applies only to PS/2 mice. If you want to interface a serial mouse, check out Microchip's appnote #519, \"Implementing a Simple Serial Mouse Controller.\"
鼠标流行着大量的形状和大小和接口最流行的类型可能算是PS/2鼠标现在USB鼠标渐渐开始流行起来了串行鼠标同样非常流行但计算机工业放弃了它们转而支持USB和PS/2设备这篇文章仅适用于PS/2鼠标如果你要知道一个串行鼠标的接口请查验Microchip的519号应用实现一个简单的串行鼠标控制器
As a side note, there is one other type of connector you may run into on keyboards. While most keyboard cables are hard-wired to the keyboard, there are some whose cable is not permanently attached and come as a separate component. These cables have a DIN connector on one end (the end that connects to the computer) and a SDL (Sheilded Data Link) connector on the keyboard end. SDL was created by a company called \"AMP.\" This connector is somewhat similar to a telephone connector in that it has wires and springs rather than pins, and a clip holds it in place. If you need more information on this connector, you might be able to find it on AMP's website at http://www.connect.amp.com/. I have only seen this type of connector on (old) XT keyboards, although there may be AT keyboards that also use the SDL. Don't confuse the SDL connector with the USB connector--they probably both look similar in my diagram below, but they are actually very different. Keep in mind that the SDL connector has springs and moving parts, while the USB connector does not.
作为边注还有另外一种类型的连接器你可以在键盘上碰到虽然多数键盘电缆都是固定连接到键盘的但还有一些键盘电缆不是永久挂接的而是作为一个单独的部件这种电缆在一端有一个DIN的连接器这端连接到计算机而连接到键盘的那一端是一个SDL屏蔽的数据连接器连接器SDL是由一个叫AMP的公司建立的这种连接器有点象电话连接器它有金属丝和弹簧代替管脚用一个卡子保持它在适当的位置上如果你需要知道关于这种连接器的更多信息你可以在AMP的网站找到它AMP的网站在http://www.connect.amp.com/尽管可能AT键盘同样可以使用SDL但我只在一个很老的XT键盘上看见过这种连接器不要把SDL连接器和USB连接器混淆起来这两个可能在我下面画的示意图中看起来有点类似但是它们实际上是非常不同的记住SDL有弹簧和活动部件而USB连接器没有
The pinouts for each connector are shown below: 每种连接器的引脚定义如下所示
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
Male 公的 Female 母的 5-pin DIN (AT/XT): 1 - Clock 2 - Data
3 - Not Implemented
5脚DIN(AT/XT) 12345
时钟 数据 未实现电源地 电源+5V
保留
4 - Ground 5 - +5v
6-pin Mini-DIN (PS/2): 1 - Data
2 - Not Implemented 3 - Ground
(Plug) 插头 (Socket) 插座 Male 公的 Female 母的
6脚Mini-DIN(PS/2) 123456
数据 未实现电源地 电源+5V 时钟 未实现
保留 保留
4 - +5v 5 - Clock
6 - Not Implemented
(Plug) 插头 (Socket) 插座
6-pin SDL: 6脚SDL
A - Not Implemented B - Data
C - Ground D - Clock E - +5v
F - Not Implemented
ABCDEF
未实现数据 电源地 时钟 电源+5V 未实现
保留 保留
General Description: 一般性描述
(Note: Throughout this document, I may use the more general term \"host\" to refer to the computer--or whatever the keyboard/mouse is connected to-- and the term \"device\" will refer to the keyboard/mouse.) 注意遍及这篇文章我使用了更普通的术语host使之计算机或者键盘/鼠标连接到的单元而术语device是指键盘/鼠标
译者注
下面的译文中host可能被翻译成主机
There are four interesting pins on the connectors just described: Ground, +5v, Data, and Clock. The +5V is supplied by the host (computer) and the keyboard/mouse's ground is connected to the host's electrical ground. Data and Clock are both open collector, which means they are normally held at a high logic level but can easily be pulled down to ground (logic 0.) Any device you connect to a PS/2 mouse, keyboard, or host should have large pull-up resistors on the Clock and Data lines. You apply a \"0\" by pulling the line low and you apply a \"1\" by letting the line float high. Refer to Figure 1 for a general interface to Data and Clock. (Note: if you are going to use a microcontroller such as the PIC, where I/O is bidirectional, you may skip the transistors and buffers and use the same pin for both input and output. With this configuration, a \"1\" is asserted by setting the pin to input and let the resistor pull the line high. A \"0\" is then asserted by changing the pin to output and write a \"0\" to that pin, which will pull the line to ground.) 在刚才提到连接器上有四个有趣的管脚电源地5V数据和时钟host计算机提供5V并且键盘/鼠标的地连接到host的电源地上数据和时钟都是集电极开路的这就意味着它们通常保持高电平而且很容易下拉到地逻辑0任何你连接到PS/2鼠标键盘或host的设备在时钟和数据线上要
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
有一个大的上拉电阻置0就把线拉低置1就让线上浮成高电平参考图1中数据和时钟线的一般接口结构注意如果你打算使用象PIC这样的微控制器由于它们的I/O管脚是双向的你可以跳过晶体管和缓冲门并且通用同一个管脚进行输入和输出在这种组态情况下要设置管脚为输入就写入1使得电阻上拉线上的电平要改变管脚为输出就写入0到那个管脚把线路下拉到地
Figure 1: Open-collector interface to Data and Clock. Data and Clock are read on the microcontroller's port A and B, respectively. Both lines are normally held at +5V, but can be pulled to ground by asserting logic 1 on C and D. As a result, Data equals D, inverted, and Clock equals C, inverted.
图1数据线和时钟线的集电极开路接口数据和时钟分别由微控制器的A端口和B端口读入这两条线通常保持+5V但可以往端口C和D写入1来拉到地结果是数据是D的反相时钟是C的反相
The PS/2 mouse and keyboard implement a bidirectional synchronous serial protocol. In other words, Data is sent one bit at a time on the Data line and is read on each time Clock is pulsed. The keyboard/mouse can send data to the host and the host can send data to the device, but the host always has priority over the bus and can inhibit communication from the keyboard/mouse at any time by holding Clock low.
PS/2鼠标和键盘履行一种双向同步串行协议换句话说每次数据线上发送一位数据并且每在时钟线上发一个脉冲就被读入键盘/鼠标可以发送数据到主机而主机也可以发送数据到设备但主机总是在总线上有优先权它可以在任何时候抑制来自于键盘/鼠标的通讯只要把时钟拉低即可
Data sent from the keyboard/mouse to the host is read on the falling edge of the clock signal (when Clock goes from high to low); data sent from the host to the keyboard/mouse is read on the rising edge (when Clock goes from low to high.) Regardless of the direction of communication, the keyboard/mouse always generates the clock signal. If the host wants to send data, it must first tell the device to start generating a clock signal (that process is described in the next section.) The maximum clock frequency is 33 kHz and most devices operate within 10-20kHz. If you want to build a PS/2 device, I would recommend keeping this frequency around 15 kHz. This means Clock should be high for about 40 microseconds and low for 40 microseconds.
从键盘/鼠标发送到主机的数据在时钟信号的下降沿当时钟从高变到低的时候被读取从主机发送到键盘/鼠标的数据在上升沿当时钟从低变到高的时候被读取不管通讯的方向怎样键盘/鼠标总是产生时钟信号如果主机要发送数据它必须首先告诉设备开始产生时钟信号这个过程在下一章节中被描述最大的时钟频率是33kHz而且大多数设备工作在1020kHz如果你要制作一个PS/2设备我推荐你把频率控制在15kHz左右这就意味着时钟应该是高40微秒低40微秒
All data is arranged in bytes with each byte sent in a frame consisting of 11-12 bits. These bits are: 所有数据安排在字节中每个字节为一帧包含了1112个位这些位的含义如下
1 start bit. This is always 0. 8 data bits, least significant bit first.
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1个起始位8个数据位
总是为0 低位在前
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
1 parity bit (odd parity). 1 stop bit. This is always 1.
1 acknowledge bit (Host-to-device communication only)
1个校验位1个停止位1个应答位
奇校验 总是为1
仅在主机对设备的通讯中
The parity bit is set if there is an even number of 1's in the data bits and reset (0) if there is an odd number of 1's in the data bits. The number of 1's in the data bits plus the parity bit always add up to an odd number (odd parity.) This is used for error detection.
如果数据位中包含偶数个1校验位就会置1如果数据位中包含奇数个1校验位就会置0数据位中1的个数加上校验位总为奇数这就是奇校验这是用来错误检测
When the host is sending data to the keyboard/mouse, a handshaking bit is sent from the device to acknowledge the packet was received. This bit is not present when the device sends data to the host.
当主机发送数据给键盘/鼠标时设备回送一个握手信号来应答数据包已经收到这个位不会出现在设备发送数据到主机的过程中
Device-to-Host Communication: 设备到主机的通讯过程
The Data and Clock lines are both open collector (normally held at a high logic level.) When the keyboard or mouse wants to send information, it first checks Clock to make sure it's at a high logic level. If it's not, the host is inhibiting communication and the device must buffer any to-be-sent data until it regains control of the bus (the keyboard has a 16-byte buffer and the mouse's buffer stores only the last packet sent.) If the Clock line is high, the device can begin to transmit its data. 数据和时钟线都是集电极开路结构正常保持高电平当键盘或鼠标等待发送数据时它首先检查时钟以确认它是否是高电平如果不是那么是主机抑制了通讯设备必须缓冲任何要发送的数据直到重新获得总线的控制权键盘有16字节的缓冲区而鼠标的缓冲区仅存储最后一个要发送的数据包如果时钟线是高电平设备就可以开始传送数据
As I mentioned in the previous section, the keyboard and mouse use a serial protocol consisting of 11-bit frames. These bits are:
如我在上一节提及的键盘和鼠标使用一种每帧包含11位的串行协议这些位含义是
1 start bit. This is always 0. 8 data bits, least significant bit first. 1 parity bit (odd parity). 1 stop bit. This is always 1.
1个起始位8个数据位1个校验位1个停止位
总是为0 低位在前 奇校验 总是为1
Each bit is read by the host on the falling edge of the clock, as is illustrated in Figures 2 & 3. 每位在时钟的下降沿被主机读入如图2和3所示
Figure 2: Device-to-host communication. The Data line changes state when Clock is high and that data is latched on the falling edge of the clock signal.
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
图2设备到主机的通讯当时钟为高数据线改变状态在时钟信号的下降沿数据被锁存
Figure 3: Scan code for the \"Q\" key (15h) being sent from a keyboard to the computer. Channel A is the Clock signal; channel B is the Data signal.
图3Q键的扫描码从键盘发送到计算机通道A是时钟信号通道B是数据信号
The clock frequency is 10-16.7kHz. The time from the rising edge of a clock pulse to a Data transition
should be at least 5 microseconds. The time from a data transition to the falling edge of a clock pulse should be at least 5 microseconds and no greater than 25 microseconds. This timing is very important--you should follow it exactly. The host may pull the line low before the 11th clock pulse (stop bit), causing the device to abort sending the current byte (this is very rare.) After the stop bit is transmitted, the device should wait at least 50 microseconds before sending the next packet. This gives the host time to inhibit transmission while it processes the received byte (the host will usually automatically do this after each packet is received.) The device should wait at least 50 microseconds after the host releases an inhibit before sending any data.
时钟频率为1016.7kHz从时钟脉冲的上升沿到一个数据转变的时间至少要有5微秒数据变化到时钟脉冲的下降沿的时间至少要有5微秒并且不大于25微秒这个定时非常重要你应该严格遵循它主机可以在第11个时钟脉冲停止位之前把线拉低导致设备放弃发送当前字节这是非常罕见的在停止位发送后设备在发送下个包前至少应该等待50毫秒这将给主机时间当它处理接收到的字节时抑制发送主机在收到每个包时通常自动做这个在主机释放抑制后设备至少应该在发送任何数据前等50毫秒
I would recommend the following process for sending a single byte from an emulated keyboard/mouse to the host:
我推荐下面的过程发送一个单一字节从仿真键盘/鼠标到主机
1) Wait for Clock = high. 2) Delay 50 microseconds. 3) Clock still = high? No--goto step 1 4) Data = high? No--Abort (and read byte from host)
5) Delay 20 microseconds (=40 microseconds to the time Clock is pulled low in sending the start bit.) 6) Output Start bit (0) \\ After sending each of these bits, test 7) Output 8 data bits > Clock to make sure host hasn't pulled it
8) Output Parity bit / low (which would abort this transmission.) 9) Output Stop bit (1)
10) Delay 30 microseconds (=50 microseconds from the time Clock is released in sending the stop bit) 1) 等待Clock = high 2) 延时 50 微秒
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
3) Clock s仍旧为 high? No—到第1 步 4) Data = high?
No—放弃 (并且从主机读取字节)
5) 延迟 20 毫秒 (=40微秒 to the time Clock is pulled low in sending the start bit.) 6) 输出起始位 (0) \\ 在发送所有这些位的每一位后 7) 输出 8个数据位 > 测试时钟确认主机是否把它拉低了 8) 输出校验位 / 这说明主机要放弃这次传送 9) 输出停止位 (1)
10) 延迟30 毫秒 (=50微秒 from the time Clock is released in sending the stop bit)
The process for sending a single bit should then be as follows: 按如下的过程发送单个位
1) Set/Reset Data 2) Delay 20 microseconds 3) Bring Clock low 4) Delay 40 microseconds 5) Release Clock 6) Delay 20 microseconds 1) 设置/复位数据 2) 延迟20 微秒 3) 把时钟拉低 4) 延迟40 微秒 5) 释放时钟 6) 延迟20 微秒
Here is some sample code written for the PIC16F84 that follows the above algorithms to send a byte to the host. \"Delay\" is a self-explanitory macro; \"CLOCK\" and \"DATA\" are the bits connected to the Clock and Data lines; \"TEMP0\\"PS2outBit\" routine, the Data and Clock lines are brought low by setting the appropriate I/O pin to output (it's assumed their output was set to \"0\" at the beginning of the program.) And they are allowed to float (high) by setting the I/O pin to input (and allow a pull-up resistor to pull the line high.) This was written for a PIC running at 4.61 MHz +/- 25% (RC oscillator: 5k/20pF). This is very important for timing considerations. 这里有一些采用上面算法来发送一个字节到主机的PIC16F84的简单样例代码Delay是一自说明宏CLOCK和DATA是连接到时钟和数据线上的位单元TEMP0PARITY和COUNTER都是一般目的的寄存器注意在PS2outBit例程中数据线和时钟线通过设置适当的I/O脚为输出态来拉低电平在程序的开始它们的输出被置为0通过置I/O脚为输出它们就允许上浮为高电平允许上来电阻拉线路为高电平下面给PIC用的代码运行于4.61MHz +/-25%RC振荡器5k/20pF这个值对定时条件非常重要
ByteOut movwf TEMP0 ;Save to-be-sent byte InhibitLoop btfss CLOCK ;Check for inhibit goto InhibitLoop
Delay 50 ;Delay 50 microseconds
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PS/2技术参考
goto InhibitLoop
著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
btfss CLOCK ;Check again for inhibit btfss DATA ;Check for request-to-send retlw 0xFF
clrf PARITY ;Init reg for parity calc movlw 0x08 movwf COUNTER movlw 0x00
call BitOut ;Output Start bit (0) btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit ByteOutLoop movf TEMP0, rrf TEMP0, goto ByteOutLoop retlw 0x00
ByteOutEnd bsf STATUS,
BitOut andlw 0x01
goto ByteOutEnd Delay 4
w
xorwf PARITY, f call BitOut btfss CLOCK goto ByteOutEnd f decfsz COUNTER, f Delay 2
comf PARITY, w
call BitOut btfss CLOCK goto ByteOutEnd Delay 5 movlw 0xFF
call BitOut Delay 48 RP0 ;Host bsf DATA bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 retlw 0xFE bsf STATUS, RP0 btfss STATUS, Z bsf DATA btfsc STATUS, Z bcf DATA Delay 21 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK ;Calculate parity ;Output Data bits ;Test for inhibit ;Output Parity bit ;Test for inhibit ;Output Stop bit (1) has aborted ;DATA=1 ;CLOCK=1 第8页共8页
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
bcf STATUS, RP0
Delay 5 return
Host to Device Communication: 主机到设备的通讯
The packet is sent a little differently in host-to-device communication... 被发送的包有点不同于主机到设备通讯过程
First of all, the PS/2 device always generates the clock signal. If the host wants to send data, it must first put the Clock and Data lines in a \"Request-to-send\" state as follows:
首先PS/2设备总是产生时钟信号如果主机要发送数据它必须首先把时钟和数据线设置为请求发送状态如下示
Inhibit communication by pulling Clock low for at least 100 microseconds. 通过下拉时钟线至少100微秒来抑制通讯
Apply \"Request-to-send\" by pulling Data low, then release Clock. 通过下拉数据线来应用请求发送然后释放时钟
The device should check for this state at intervals not to exceed 10 milliseconds. When the device detects this state, it will begin generating Clock signals and clock in eight data bits and one stop bit. The host changes the Data line only when the Clock line is low, and data is latched on the rising edge of the clock pulse. This is opposite of what occours in device-to-host communication.
设备应该在不超过10毫秒的间隔内就要检查这个状态当设备检测到这个状态它将开始产生时钟信号并且时钟脉冲标记下输入八个数据位和一个停止位主机仅当时钟线为低的时候改变数据线而数据在时钟脉冲的上升沿被锁存这在发生在设备到主机通讯的过程中正好相反
After the stop bit is sent, the device will acknowledge the received byte by bringing the Data line low and generating one last clock pulse. If the host does not release the Data line after the 11th clock pulse, the device will continue to generate clock pulses until the the Data line is released (the device will then generate an error.) 在停止位发送后设备要应答接收到的字节就把数据线拉低并产生最后一个时钟脉冲如果主机在第11个时钟脉冲后不释放数据线设备将继续产生时钟脉冲直到数据线被释放然后设备将产生一个错误
The Host may abort transmission at time before the 11th clock pulse (acknowledge bit) by holding Clock low for at least 100 microseconds.
主机可以在第11个时钟脉冲应答位前中止一次传送只要下拉时钟线至少100微秒
To make this process a little easier to understand, here's the steps the host must follow to send data to a PS/2 device:
要使得这个过程易于理解主机必须按下面的步骤发送数据到PS/2设备
1) Bring the Clock line low for at least 100 microseconds. 2) Bring the Data line low. 3) Release the Clock line.
4) Wait for the device to bring the Clock line low.
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5) Set/reset the Data line to send the first data bit 6) Wait for the device to bring Clock high. 7) Wait for the device to bring Clock low.
8) Repeat steps 5-7 for the other seven data bits and the parity bit 9) Release the Data line.
10) Wait for the device to bring Data low. 11) Wait for the device to bring Clock low. 12) Wait for the device to release Data and Clock 1) 把时钟线拉低至少100微秒 2) 把数据线拉低 3) 释放数据线
4) 等待设备把时钟线拉低
5) 设置/复位数据线发送第一个数据位 6) 等待设备把时钟拉高 7) 等待设备把时钟拉低
8) 重复 5-7步 发送剩下的7个数据位和校验位 9) 释放数据线
10) 等待设备把数据线拉低 11) 等待设备把时钟线拉低
12) 等待设备释放数据线和时钟线
Figure 3 shows this graphically and Figure 4 separates the timing to show which signals are generated by the host, and which are generated by the PS/2 device. Notice the change in timing for the Ack bit--the data transition occours when the Clock line is high (rather than when it is low as is the case for the other 11 bits.) 图3用图形表示图4以单独的时序表示了由主机产生的信号及由PS/2设备产生的信号注意应答位时序的改变数据改变发生在时钟线为高的时候不同于其它11位是当它为低的时候
Figure 3: Host-to-Device Communication. 图3主机到设备的通讯
Figure 4: Detailed host-to-device communication. 图4主机到设备通讯的详细过程
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
Figure 4 shows two important timing considerations: (a), and (b). (a), the time it takes the device to begin generating clock pulses after the host initially takes the Clock line low, must be no greater than 15ms; (b), the time it takes for the packet to be sent, must be no greater than 2ms. If either of these time limits is not met, the host will generate an error. Immediately after the packet is received, the host may bring the Clock line low to inhibit communication while it processes data. If the command sent by the host requires a response, that response must be received no later than 20ms after the host releases the Clock line. If this does not happen, the host generates an error. As was the case with Device-to-host communication, no Data transition may occur with 5 microseconds of a Clock transition. 图4描述了两个重要的定时条件a和ba在主机最初把书记现拉低后设备开始产生时钟脉冲的时间必须步大于15msb数据包被发送的时间必须不大于2ms如果这两个条件不满足主机将产生一个错误在包收到后主机为了处理数据立刻把时钟线拉低来抑制通讯如果主机发送的命令要求有一个回应这个回应必须在书籍释放时钟线后20ms之内被收到如果没有收到则主机产生一个错误在设备到主机通讯的情况中时钟改变后的5微秒内不应该发生数据改变的情况
If you want to emulate a mouse or keyboard, I would recommend reading data from the host as follows: 如果呢要仿真一个鼠标或键盘我推荐你按如下的过程从主机读入数据
In your main program, check for Data=low at least every 10 milliseconds. If Data has been brought low by the host, read one byte from the host 在你的主程序中至少每10毫秒检测数据线是否为低 如果数据线已被主机拉低则从主机读取一个字节
1) Wait for Clock=high 2) Is Data still low? No--An error occurred; Abort. 3) Read 8 data bits \\ After reading each of these bits, test 4) Read parity bit > Clock to make sure host hasn't pulled it 5) Read stop bit / low (which would abort this transmission.) 6) Data still equals 0? Yes--Keep clocking until Data=1 then generate an error 7) Output Acknowledge bit 8) Check Parity bit. Generate an error if parity bit is incorrect
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
9) Delay 45 microseconds (to give host time to inhibit next transmission.) 1) 等待时钟线为高 2) 数据线仍然为低吗
不有错误发生放弃
3) 读入8个数据位 \\ 在读入这些位后
4) 读入校验位 > 测试时钟线数否被主机拉低 5) 读入停止位 / 这就意味着放弃这次传送 6) 数据线仍旧为0吗
是保持时钟直到数据1然后产生一个错误 7) 输出应答位 8) 检查校验位
如果校验位不正确则产生一个错误
9) 延迟45 微秒给主机时间抑制下次的传送
Read each bit (8 data bits, parity bit, and stop bit) as follows:
1) Delay 20 microseconds 2) Bring Clock low 3) Delay 40 microseconds 4) Release Clock 5) Delay 20 microsecond 6) Read Data line
按如下次序读取每位8个数据位检验位和停止位
1) 延迟 20 微秒 2) 把时钟拉低 3) 延迟 40 微秒 4) 释放时钟 5) 延迟20 微秒 7) 读数据线
Send the acknowledge bit as follows:
1) Delay 15 microseconds 2) Bring Data low 3) Delay 5 microseconds 4) Bring Clock low 5) Delay 40 microseconds 6) Release Clock 7) Delay 5 microseconds 8) Release Data 按如下次序发送应答位
1) 延迟15 微秒 2) 把数据线拉低 3) 延迟5 微秒 4) 把时钟线拉低 5) 延迟40 微秒 6) 释放时钟线 7) 延迟5 微秒
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
8) 释放数据线
Here is some sample code written for the PIC16F84 that implements the above algorithms to read data from a PS/2 host. \"Delay\" is a self-explanitory macro; \"CLOCK\" and \"DATA\" are the port bits connected to the Clock and Data lines; \"TEMP0\ Note that in the \"PS2inBit\" routine, Clock is brought low by setting the appropriate I/O pin to output (it's assumed they were set to \"0\" at the beginning of the program.) And it is allowed to float (high) by setting the I/O pin to input (and allow a pull-up resistor to pull the line high.) Timing was worked out for a PIC running at 4.61 MHz +/- 25% (RC oscillator with values 5k/20 pF). Will work for any oscillator between 3.50 MHz - 5.76 MHz.
这里有写给PIC16F84的样例实现了上述从PS/2主机读取数据的算法Delay是一个自扩展宏CLOCK和DATA是连接到时钟线和数据线上的位端口TEMP0PARITY和COUNTER都是一般用途的寄存器注意在PS2inBit例程中置适当的I/O脚为输出来把时钟拉低在程序的开始处它们被设置为0置I/O脚为输入就是让它们上浮成高电平上拉电阻把管线拉成高电平为达到设计的定时时序PIC应运行于4.61MHz +/-25%RC振荡器的值是5k/20pF当然也可以工作于任何3.50MHz5.76MHz的振荡器
ByteIn btfss CLOCK ;Wait for start bit goto ByteIn btfsc DATA goto ByteIn movlw 0x08 movwf COUNTER
clrf PARITY ;Init reg for parity calc Delay 28
ByteInLoop call BitIn ;Clock in Data bits btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE bcf STATUS, C rrf RECEIVE, f iorwf RECEIVE, f xorwf PARITY,f decfsz COUNTER, f goto ByteInLoop Delay 1
call BitIn ;Clock in Parity bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE xorwf PARITY, f Delay 5 ByteInLoop1 Delay 1
call BitIn ;Clock in Stop bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE xorlw 0x00
btfsc STATUS, Z ;Stop bit = 1?
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
clrf PARITY No--cause an error condition. btfsc STATUS, Z ;Stop bit = 1?
goto ByteInLoop1 ; No--keep clocking. bsf STATUS, RP0 ;Acknowledge bcf DATA Delay 11 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK Delay 7 bsf DATA bcf STATUS, RP0
btfss PARITY, 7 ;Parity correct? retlw 0xFF ; No--return error
Delay 45 retlw 0x00
BitIn Delay 8
bsf STATUS, RP0 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 Delay 21 btfsc DATA retlw 0x80 retlw 0x00
Other Sources / References: 其它资源和参考
Adam's micro-Resources Home - Many pages/links to related information. The AT Keyboard - My page on AT keyboards The PS/2 Mouse - My page on the PS/2 mouse
Synaptics Touchpad Interfacing Guide -Very informative! PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Protocols - Timing diagrams.
Holtek - Informative datasheets on many different PS/2 mice (and other peripherals). More Links - Many more links to related resources.
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
第二章 AT-PS/2键盘接口 Introduction: 引言
This article tries to cover every aspect of AT and PS/2 keyboards. It includes information on the low-level signals and protocol, scan codes, the command set, initialization, compatibility issues, and other miscellaneous information. Since it's closely related, I've also included information on the PC keyboard controller. All code samples involving the keyboard interface are written in assembly for Microchip's PIC microcontrollers. All code samples related to the keyboard controller are written in x86 assembly.
这篇文章试着囊括AT和PS/2键盘各方面的问题它包含了如低级别信号和协议扫描码命令集初始化兼容性问题和其他各种信息我还包含了关于PC键盘控制器的信息这是由于它们非常相关所有键盘接口的代码样例是用Microchip的PIC微控制器的汇编语言书写所有与键盘控制器相关的代码样例是用x86汇编书写的
I should mention that all of the information in this article comes from my own experiences and other sources that may or may not be accurate. I did not consult any official documentation of since none has been available to me. Therefore, I provide the following disclaimer:
应该说明的是在这篇文章里提到的信息来自我自己的经验和其他资源因此可能不正确我没有参考任何官方的文件因为没有我能用到的因而我提出如下的弃权
ALL INFORMATION WITHIN THIS ARTICLE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. I DO NOT GUARANTEE ANY INFORMATION IN THIS ARTICLE IS ACCURATE, AND IT SHOULD BE USED FOR ABSTRACT EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
译者注
大伙们自己看原文吧
这个申明对要使用该文的人来说很重要
You may click here to goto my main page. There, you will find other articles, code, projects, and links related to the computer keyboard. Click here for more information about me, including my resume. If you find any errors in this article or have any questions, feel free to send me an email. I don't have time to respond to them all, but I will read them all and keep your questions/comments in mind when updating this page.
点击这里你可以到我的主页在那里你将能发现其他关于计算机键盘的别的文章代码工程和链接点击这里可以获得我的信息包括我的简历如果你在文章中发现有错误或者你有疑问请给我写封email我可能没有时间给所有的都回信但我会都读它们并在更新本网页时记住你的问题或注解
A History Lesson: 相关的历史
The most popular keyboards in use today include: 现今仍在使用中的绝大多数流行的键盘包括
USB keyboard - Latest keyboard supported by all new computers (Macintosh and IBM/compatible). These
are relatively complicated to interface and are not covered in this article.
IBM/compatible keyboards - Also known as \"AT keyboards\" or \"PS/2 keyboards\
device. They're the easiest to interface, and are the subject of this article.
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
ADB keyboards - Connect to the Apple Desktop Bus of older Macintosh systems. These are not covered in
this article
USB键盘 最后出现的键盘被所有新式的计算机支持Macintosh和IBM/及其兼容机它们有自
己相关的复杂接口并且不包含这篇文章中
IBM机器兼容键盘 也叫做AT键盘或PS/2键盘所有现代的PC都支持这个设备它们时最
容易使用的接口也是本文的主题
ADB键盘 连接到老式Macintosh系统的Apple桌面总线不包含在这篇文章中
IBM introduced a new keyboard with each of its major desktop computer models. The original IBM PC, and later the IBM XT, used what we call the \"XT keyboard.\" These are obsolete and differ significantly from modern keyboards; the XT keyboard is not covered in this article. Next came the IBM AT system and later the IBM PS/2. They introduced the keyboards we use today, and are the topic of this article. AT keyboards and PS/2 keyboards were very similar devices, but the PS/2 device used a smaller connector and supported a few additional features. Nonetheless, it remained backward compatible with AT systems and few of the additional features ever caught on (since software also wanted to remain backward compatible.) Below is a summary of IBM's three major keyboards.
IBM引入了一种新型的键盘作为它每种主要桌面计算机型号的配备最早的IBM PC和后来的IBM XT使用的我们称之为XT键盘它们很古老并和现代的键盘一点都不相同关于XT键盘没有在本文中论及后来出现了IBM AT系统再后来出现IBM PS/2他们引进的键盘我们至今还在使用也是本文的主题AT键盘和PS/2键盘时十分相似的设备但是PS/2使用了更小的连接器并且支持少量附加的特征虽然如此它仍保留了与AT系统向后兼容以及一些曾经流行的附加特征因为软件总要保持向后兼容下面似IBM三种主要键盘的概要
IBM PC/XT Keyboard (1981): IBM PC/XT键盘1981 83 keys
5-pin DIN connector
Simple uni-directional serial protocol Uses what we now refer to as scan code set 1 No host-to-keyboard commands
IBM AT Keyboard (1984) - Not backward compatible with XT systems.
84 -101 keys 5-pin DIN connector Bi-directional serial protocol
Uses what we now refer to as scan code set 2 Eight host-to-keyboard commands
IBM PS/2 Keyboard (1987) - Compatible with AT systems, not compatible with XT systems.
84 - 101 keys
6-pin mini-DIN connector Bi-direction serial protocol Offers optional scan code set 3
83键
5脚DIN连接器 简单的单向串行协议
采用我们现在提及的作为第一套扫描码集 没有主机到键盘的命令
84101键
5脚DIN连接器 双向串行协议
采用我们现在提及的作为第二套扫描码集 八个主机到键盘的命令
84101键
6脚mini-DIN连接器 双向串行协议
提供可选的第三套扫描码集
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
17 host-to-keyboard commands 17个主机到键盘的命令
The PS/2 keyboard was originally an extension of the AT device. It supported a few additional host-to-keyboard commands and featured a smaller connector. These were the only differences between the two devices. However, computer hardware has never been about standards as much as compatibility. For this reason, any keyboard you buy today will be compatible with PS/2 and AT systems, but it may not fully support all the features of the original devices.
PS/2最初似AT设备的扩展它支持少量附加的主机到键盘的命令并以小型连接器为特征在这两种设备之间只有这两个区别但是计算机硬件决不会有象兼容性这样多的标准由于这种原因你今天买到的任何键盘都和PS/2和AT系统兼容但它可能不完全支持原始键盘的所有特征
Today, \"AT keyboard\" and \"PS/2 keyboard\" refers only to their connector size. Which settings/commands any given keyboard does or does not support is anyone's guess. For example, the keyboard I'm using right now has a PS/2-style connector but only fully supports seven commands, partially supports two, and merely \"acknowledges\" the rest. In contrast, my \"Test\" keyboard has an AT-style connector but supports every feature/command of the original PS/2 device (plus a few extra.) It's important you treat modern keyboards as compatible, not standard. If your project relies on non-general features, it may work on some systems, but not on others... 今天AT键盘和PS/2键盘仅涉及它们的连接器大小任何给定的键盘支持或不支持哪些设置及命令是每个人猜测例如我现在使用的键盘有一个PS/2风格的连接器但它仅完全支持七个命令部分支持两个命令对其他的命令只是应答作为对照我做测试的键盘有一个AT风格的连接器但是支持原始PS/2设备的每个特征/命令还加上少量额外的命令这很重要就是你使用现代的键盘是兼容性而不是标准如果你的工程依赖于某些非一般的特征它可能在一些系统上工作而在另一些上却不能
Modern AT-PS/2 compatible keyboards 现代AT-PS/2兼容键盘
Any number of keys (usually 101 or 104)
5-pin or 6-pin connector; adaptor usually included Bi-directional serial protocol Only scan code set 2 guaranteed.
Acknowledges all commands; may not act on all of them. 任意数目的按键通常是101或104 5脚或6脚连接器通常包括了适配器 双向串行协议
只有第二套扫描码集是保证的
应答所有的命令但可能不是所有的都起作用
Footnote 1) XT keyboards use a completely different protocol than that used by AT and PS/2 systems, making it incompatible with the newer PCs. However, there was a transition period where some keyboard controllers supported both XT and AT-PS/2 keyboards (through a switch, jumper, or auto-sense.) Also, some keyboards were made to work on both types of systems (again, through the use of a switch or auto-sensing.) If you've owned such a PC or keyboard, don't let it fool you--XT keyboards are NOT compatible with modern computers.
脚注1XT键盘使用了一套于AT和PS/2系统中用的完全不同的协议因此它不和较新的PC兼容但
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是在某些键盘控制器中有一转换过程可以既支持XT又支持AT-PS/2键盘通过开关跳线或自适应同样这些键盘在两类系统都可以工作再次重申是通过开关或者自适应如果你有这样的PC或键盘不要被它愚弄了XT键盘并不兼容与现代的计算机
General Description: 一般性描述
Keyboards consist of a large matrix of keys, all of which are monitored by an on-board processor (called the \"keyboard encoder\".) The specific processor varies from keyboard-to-keyboard but they all basically do the same thing: Monitor which key(s) are being pressed/released and send the appropriate data to the host. This processor takes care of all the debouncing and buffers any data in its 16-byte buffer, if needed. Your motherboard contains a \"keyboard controller\" that is in charge of decoding all of the data received from the keyboard and informing your software of what's going on. All communication between the host and the keyboard uses an IBM protocol.
键盘上包含了一个大型的按键矩阵它们是由安装在电路板上的处理器叫做键盘编码器来监视的具体的处理器在键盘与键盘之间是多样化的大拿好似它们基本上都做着同样的事情监视哪些按键被按下或释放了并传送适当的时候到主机如果有必要处理器处理所有的去抖动并在它的16字节缓冲区里缓冲数据你的主板包含了一个键盘控制器负责解码所有来自键盘的数据并告诉你的软件什么事件发生了在主机和键盘之间的通讯使用IBM的协议
Footnote 1) Originally, IBM used the Intel 8048 microcontroller as its keyboard encoder. The following is a short list of modern keyboard encoders:
脚注1最初IBM使用Intel8048微处理器作为它的键盘编码器如下是现代键盘编码器的短清单
Holtek: HT82K28A, HT82K628A, HT82K68A, HT82K68E EMC: EM83050, EM83050H, EM83052H, EM83053H, Intel: 8048, 8049
Motorola: 6868, 68HC11, 6805
Zilog: Z8602, Z8614, Z8615, Z86C15, Z86E23
Footnote 2) Originally, IBM used the Intel 8042 microcontroller as its keyboard controller. This has since been replaces with compatible devices integrated in motherboards' chipsets. The keyboard controller is covered later in this article.
脚注2最初IBM使用Intel的8042微控制器作为它的键盘控制器现在已经被兼容设备取代并整合到主板的新品组中键盘控制器是本文稍后论及的内容
Electrical Interface / Protocol: 电气接口/协议
The AT and PS/2 keyboards use the same protocol as the PS/2 mouse. Click here for detailed information about that protocol.
AT和PS/2键盘使用了与PS/2鼠标一样的协议点击这里可以获得关于这个协议的细节
译者注
对于本文的中文读者来说
就是本文第一章所讲述的内容
Scan Codes: 扫描码
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
Your keyboard's processor spends most of its time \"scanning\ If it finds that any key is being pressed, released, or held down, the keyboard will send a packet of information known as a \"scan code\" to your computer. There are two different types of scan codes: \"make codes\" and \"break codes\". A make code is sent when a key is pressed or held down. A break code is sent when a key is released. Every key is assigned its own unique make code and break code so the host can determine exactly what happened to which key by looking at a single scan code. The set of make and break codes for every key comprises a \"scan code set\". There are three standard scan code sets, named one, two, and three. All modern keyboards default to set two.(1)
键盘的处理器花费很多的时间来扫描或监视按键矩阵如果它发现有键被按下释放或按住键盘将发送扫描码的信息包到计算机扫描码有两种不同的类型通码和断码当一个键被按下或按住就发送通码当一个键被释放就发送断码每个按键被分配了唯一的通码和断码这样主机通过查找唯一的扫描码就可以测定是哪个按键每个键一整套的通断码组成了扫描码集有三套标准的扫描码集分别是第一套第二套和第三套所有现代的键盘默认使用第二套扫描码
译者注
通码和断码是国内的描述
如果你知道更好的翻译请告诉我
So how do you figure out what the scan codes are for each key? Unfortunately, there's no simple formula for calculating this. If you want to know what the make code or break code is for a specific key, you'll have to look it up in a table. I've composed tables for all make codes and break codes in all three scan code sets: 那么你能计算出每个按键的扫描码吗不幸的是没有一个简单的公式可以计算扫描码如果你要知道某特定按键的通码和断码你将不得不查表获得我已经把所有三套扫描码集中所有的通码和断码做成了表格
Scan Code Set 1 - Original XT scan code set; supported by some modern keyboards 第一套扫描码集 原始的XT扫描码集某些现代的键盘还支持 Scan Code Set 2 - Default scan code set for all modern keyboards 第二套扫描码集 所有现代键盘默认的扫描码集 Scan Code Set 3 - Optional PS/2 scan code set--rarely used 第三套扫描码集 可选的PS/2扫描码集很少使用
译者注
这是我见过的收录最全的扫描码集
所有这三个扫描码表列在文本附录1
2
3中感谢Adam Chapweske所做的工作
Footnote 1) Originally, the AT keyboard only supported set two, and the PS/2 keyboard would default to set two but supported all three. Most modern keyboards behave like the PS/2 device, but I have come across a few that didn't support set one, set three, or both. Also, if you've ever done any low-level PC programming, you've probably notice the keyboard controller supplies set ONE scan codes by default. This is because the keyboard controller converts all incomming scan codes to set one (this stems from retaining compatibility with software written for XT systems.) However, it's still set two scan codes being sent down the keyboard's serial line.
脚注1最初AT键盘只支持第二套PS/2键盘默认使用第二套且支持所有这三套许多现代键盘行为象PS/2设备但我遇到少数不支持第一套第三套或这两套都不支持的同样如果你曾经做过低级PC编程你可能注意到键盘控制器缺省支持第一套扫描码这是因为键盘控制器转换所有进来的扫描码到第一套这是为了和XT系统的软件保持兼容但是它仍旧下发第二套扫描码到键盘的串行线
Make Codes, Break Codes, and Typematic Repeat: 通码断码和机打重复率
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02-11-22发布
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
Whenever a key is pressed, that key's make code is sent to the computer. Keep in mind that a make code only represents a key on a keyboard--it does not represent the character printed on that key. This means that there is no defined relationship between a make code and an ASCII code. It's up to the host to translate scan codes to characters or commands.
只要一个键被按下这个键的通码就被发送到计算机记住通码只表示键盘上的一个按键它不表示印刷在按键上的那个字符这就意味着在通码和ASCII码之间没有已定义的关联直到主机把扫描码翻译成一个字符或命令
Although most set two make codes are only one-byte wide, there are a handfull of \"extended keys\" whose make codes are two or four bytes wide. These make codes can be identified by the fact that their first byte is E0h.
虽然多数第二套通码都只有一个字节宽但也有少数扩展按键的通码是两字节或四字节宽这类的通码第一个字节总是为E0h
Just as a make code is sent to the computer whenever a key is pressed, a break code is sent whenever a key is released. In addition to every key having its own unique make code, they all have their own unique break code(1). Fortunately, however, you won't always have to use lookup tables to figure out a key's break code--certain relationships do exist between make codes and break codes. Most set two break codes are two bytes long where the first byte is F0h and the second byte is the make code for that key. Break codes for extended keys are usually three bytes long where the first two bytes are E0h, F0h, and the last byte is the last byte of that key's make code. As an example, I have listed below a the set two make codes and break codes for a few keys:
正如键按下通码就被发往计算机一样只要键一释放断码就会被发送每个键都有它自己唯一的通码它们也都有唯一的断码幸运的是你不用总是通过查表来找出按键的断码在通码和断码之间存在着必然的联系多数第二套断码有两字节长它们的第一个字节是F0h第二个字节是这个键的通码扩展按键的断码通常有三个字节它们前两个字节是E0h,F0h最后一个字节是这个按键通码的最后一个字节作为一个例子我在下面列出了几个按键的第二套通码和断码 Key
(Set 2)Make Code
(Set 2) Break Code
\"A\" 1C F0,1C \"5\" 2E F0,2E \"F10\" 09 Right Arrow Right \"Ctrl\"
Example: What sequence of make codes and break codes should be sent to your computer for the character \"G\" to appear in a word processor? Since this is an upper-case letter, the sequence of events that need to take place are: press the \"Shift\" key, press the \"G\" key, release the \"G\" key, release the \"Shift\" key. The scan codes associated with these events are the following: make code for the \"Shift\" key (12h), make code for the \"G\" key (34h), break code for the \"G\" key(F0h,34h), break code for the \"Shift\" key (F0h,12h). Therefore, the data sent to your computer would be: 12h, 34h, F0h, 34h, F0h, 12h.
例如通码和断码是以什么样的序列发送到你的计算机使得字符G出现在你的字处理软件里呢因为这是一个大写字母需要发生这样的事件次序按下Shift键按下G键释放G键释放Shift键与这些时间相关的扫描码如下Shift键的通码12hG键的通码34h因此发送到G键的断码F0h34hShift键的断码F0h12h
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02-11-22发布
F0,09 E0, F0, 74 E0, F0, 14
E0, 74 E0, 14
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
你的计算机的数据应该是12h34hF0h34hF0h12h
If you press a key, its make code is sent to the computer. When you press and hold down a key, that key becomes typematic, which means the keyboard will keep sending that key's make code until the key is released or another key is pressed. To verify this, open a text editor and hold down the \"A\" key. When you first press the key, the character \"a\" immediately appears on your screen. After a short delay, another \"a\" will appear followed by a whole stream of \"a\"s until you release the \"A\" key. There are two important parameters here: the typematic delay, which is the short delay between the first and second \"a\which is how many characters per second will appear on your screen after the typematic delay. The typematic delay can range from 0.25 seconds to 1.00 second and the typematic rate can range from 2.0 cps (characters per second) to 30.0 cps. You may change the typematic rate and delay using the \"Set Typematic Rate/Delay\" (0xF3) command.
如果你按了一个键这个键的通码被发送到计算机当你按下并按住这个键则这个键就变成了机打着就意味着键盘将一直发送这个键的通码直到它被释放或者其他键被按下要想证实这点只要打开一个文本编辑器并按下A键当你首先按下这个键字符a立刻出现在你的屏幕上在一个短暂的延迟后接着出现一整串的a直到你释放A键这里有两个重要的参数机打延时是第一个和第二个a之间的延迟机打速率是在机打延时后每秒有多少字符出现你的屏幕上机打延时的范围可以从0.25秒到1.00秒机打速率的范围可以从2.0cps(字符每秒)到30.0cps你可以用Set Typematic Rate/Delay0xF3命令来改变机打速率和延时
译者注诉我
typematic本文中翻译成
机打
按字面上说是非人工的机械的按键打字的意思
类似的词还有automatic如果有更好的翻译请告
Typematic data is not buffered within the keyboard. In the case where more than one key is held down, only the last key pressed becomes typematic. Typematic repeat then stops when that key is released, even though other keys may be held down.
机打的数据不被键盘所缓冲在多个键被按下的情况下只有最后一个按下的键变成机打当这个键被释放时机打重复就停止了甚至于其他的键依然还按着
Footnote 1) Actually, the \"Pause/Break\" key does not have a break code in scan code sets one and two. When this key is pressed, its make code is sent; when it's released, it doesn't send anything.
脚注1实际上在第一第二套扫描码里没有Pause/Break键的断码当这个键按下时发送它的通码当它释放时什么都没有被发送
Reset: 复位
At power-on or software reset (see the \"Reset\" command) the keyboard performs a diagnostic self-test referred to as BAT (Basic Assurance Test) and loads the following default values:
在上电或软件复位见Reset命令后键盘执行诊断自检叫做BAT基本保证测试并载入如下的缺省值
Typematic delay 500 ms. Typematic rate 10.9 cps. *Scan code set 2.
*Set all keys typematic/make/break.
*Variable in some keyboards, hard-coded in others.
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
机打延迟为500ms 机打速率为10.9cps *第二套扫描码集
*置所有按键为机打/通码/断码 *所指的项在某些键盘上时可变的
而在其他键盘上时硬件编码的不可变
When entering BAT, the keyboard enables its three LED indicators, and turns them off when BAT has completed. At this time, a BAT completion code of either 0xAA (BAT successful) or 0xFC (Error) is sent to the host.
当进入BAT键盘点亮它的三个LED指示器并在完成BAT后关闭它们此时BAT完成代码要么0xAABAT成功或0xFC有错误被发送到主机
Most keyboards ignore their CLOCK and DATA lines until after the BAT completion code has been sent. Therefore, an \"Inhibit\" condition (CLOCK line low) may not prevent the keyboard from sending its BAT completion code
多数键盘忽略它们的时钟和数据线直到BAT完成代码发送后所以抑制条件时钟线拉低可能不能防止键盘发送它们的BAT完成代码
Command Set: 命令集
Every byte sent to the keyboard gets a response of 0xFA (\"acknowledge\") from the keyboard. The only exceptions to this are the keyboard's response to the \"Resend\" and \"Echo\" commands. The host should wait for an \"acknowledge\" before sending the next byte to the keyboard. The keyboard clears its output buffer in response to any command. The following is a list of all commands that may be sent to the keyboard. 每个发送到键盘的字节都从键盘获得一个0xFA应答的回应唯一例外的是键盘对Resend和Echo命令的回应在发送下一个字节给键盘之前主机要等待应答键盘应答任何命令后清除自己的输出缓冲区下面列出了所有可能被发给键盘的命令
0xFF (Reset) - Causes keyboard to enter \"Reset\" mode. (See \"Reset\" section.) 0xFF (Reset)引起键盘进入Reset模式见复位部分
0xFE (Resend) - This is used to indicate an error in reception. Keyboard responds by resending the last scan code or command response sent to the host. However, 0xFE is never sent in response to a \"Resend\" command.
0xFE (Resend)用于只是在接收中出现的错误键盘的响应就是重发送最后的扫描码或者命令回应给主机但是0xFE绝不会作为Resend命令的回应而被发送
*0xFD (Set Key Type Make) - Allows the host to specify a key that is to send only make codes. This key will not send break codes or typematic repeat. This key is specified by its set 3 scan code.
*0xFD (Set Key Type Make)允许主机指定一个按键只发送通码这个按键不发送断码或进行机打重复指定的按键采用它的第三套扫描码
*0xFC (Set Key Type Make/Break) - Similar to \"Set Key Type Make\codes are enabled (typematic is disabled.)
*0xFC (Set Key Type Make/Break)类似于Set Key Type Make只有通码和断码是使能的机打被禁止了 *0xFB (Set Key Type Typematic) - Similar to previous two commands, except make and typematic is enabled; break codes are disabled.
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
*0xFB (Set Key Type Typematic)类似于前两条命令通码和机打是使能的而断码被禁止
*0xFA (Set All Keys Typematic/Make/Break) - Default setting. Make codes, break codes, and typematic repeat enabled for all keys (except \"Print Screen\" key, which has no break code in sets 1 and 2.)
*0xFA (Set All Keys Typematic/Make/Break)缺省设置所有键的通码断码和机打重复都使能除了Print Screen键它在第一套和第二套中没有断码 *0xF9 (Set All Keys Make) - Causes only make codes to be sent; break codes and typematic repeat are disabled for all keys.
*0xF9 (Set All Keys Make)所有键都只发送通码断码和机打重复被禁止
*0xF8 (Set All Keys Make/Break) - Similar to previous two commands, except only typematic repeat is disabled.
*0xF8 (Set All Keys Make/Break)类似于前两条命令除了只是机打重复被禁止外
*0xF7 (Set All Keys Typematic) - Similar to previous three commands, except only break codes are disabled. Make codes and typematic repeat are enabled.
*0xF7 (Set All Keys Typematic)类似于前三条命令仅断码被禁止通码和机打重复是使能的 0xF6 (Set Default) - Load default typematic rate/delay (10.9cps / 500ms), key types (all keys typematic/make/break), and scan code set (2).
0xF6 (Set Default)载入缺省的机打速率/延时10.9cps/500ms按键类型(所有按键都使能机打/通码/断码)以及第二套扫描码集
0xF5 (Disable) - Keyboard stops scanning, loads default values (see \"Set Default\" command), and waits further instructions.
0xF5 (Disable)键盘停止扫描载入缺省值键Set Default命令等待进一步指令 0xF4 (Enable) - Re-enables keyboard after disabled using previous command. 0xF4 (Enable)在用上一条命令禁止键盘后重新使能键盘
0xF3 (Set Typematic Rate/Delay) - Host follows this command with one argument byte that defines the typematic rate and delay as follows:
0xF3 (Set Typematic Rate/Delay)主机在这条命令后会发送一个字节的参数来定义机打速率和延时具体含义如下
Repeat Rate
Bits 0-4 Rate(cps)
Bits 0-4
Rate(cps)
Bits 0-4
Rate(cps)
Bits 0-4
Rate(cps)
00h 2.0 08h 4.0 10h 8.0 18h 16.0 01h 2.1 09h 4.3 11h 8.6 19h 17.1 02h 2.3 0Ah 4.6 12h 9.2 1Ah 18.5 03h 2.5 0Bh 5.0 13h 10.0 1Bh 20.0 04h 2.7 0Ch 5.5 14h 10.9 1Ch 21.8 05h 3.0 0Dh 6.0 15h 12.0 1Dh 24.0 06h 3.3 0Eh 6.7 16h 13.3 1Eh 26.7 07h 3.7 0Fh 7.5 17h 15.0 1Fh 30.0
Delay
Bits 5-6
Delay (seconds)
00b 0.25 01b 0.50 10b 0.75 11b 1.00
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02-11-22发布
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
*0xF2 (Read ID) - The keyboard responds by sending a two-byte device ID of 0xAB, 0x83. *0xF2 (Read ID)键盘回应两个字节的设备ID0xAB0x83
*0xF0 (Set Scan Code Set) - Host follows this command with one argument byte, that specifies which scan code set the keyboard should use. This argument byte may be 0x01, 0x02, or 0x03 to select scan code set 1, 2, or 3, respectively. You can get the current scan code set from the keyboard by sending this command with 0x00 as the argument byte.
*0xF0 (Set Scan Code Set)主机在这个命令后发送一个字节的参数是定键盘使用哪套扫描码集参数字节可以是0x010x02或0x03分别选择扫描码集第一套第二套或第三套如果要获得当前正在使用的扫描码集只要发送带0x00参数的本命令即可 0xEE (Echo) - The keyboard responds with \"Echo\" (0xEE). 0xEE (Echo)键盘用Echo0xEE回应
0xED (Set/Reset LEDs) - The host follows this command with one argument byte, that specifies the state of the keyboard's Num Lock, Caps Lock, and Scroll Lock LEDs. This argument byte is defined as follows:
0xED (Set/Reset LEDs)主机在本命令后跟随一个参数字节用于指示键盘上Num Lock, Caps Lock, and Scroll Lock LED的状态这个参数字节的定义如下
MSB LSB Always 0
Always 0
Always 0
Always 0
Always 0
Caps Lock
Num Lock
Scroll Lock
\"Scroll Lock\" - Scroll Lock LED off(0)/on(1) \"Num Lock\" - Num Lock LED off(0)/on(1) \"Caps Lock\" - Caps Lock LED off(0)/on(1)
*Originally available in PS/2 keyboards only. *只是最初可用于PS/2键盘
Emulation: 仿真
Click here for keyboard/mouse routines. Source in MPASM for PIC microcontrollers. 点击这里可以看到键盘/鼠标的程序源代码是用PIC微控制器的MPASM书写的
译者注
程序已经收录到本文的附录4中
The i8042 Keyboard Controller: i8042键盘控制器
Up to this point in the article, all information has been presented from a hardware point-of-view. However, if you're writing low-level keyboard-related software for the host PC, you won't be communicating directly with the keyboard. Instead, a keyboard controller provides an interface between the keyboard and the peripheral bus. This controller takes care of all the signal-level and protocol details, as well as providing some conversion, interpretation, and handling of scan codes and commands.
写到文章的这里从硬件的观点来说所有的信息都已经被提出但是如果你打算给host PC写一低级的与键盘相关的程序你却不能直接和键盘通讯而键盘控制器提供了键盘和周边总线之间的接口控制器不但封装了所有信号级和协议的细节又提供了相关转换解释和扫描码及命令的句柄
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
An Intel 8042/compatible microcontroller is used as the PC's keyboard controller. In modern computers, this microcontroller is hidden within the motherboard's chipset, which integrates many controllers in a single package. Nonetheless, this device is still there, and the keyboard controller is still commonly referred to as \"the 8042\".
Intel 8042或兼容微控制器被用作PC键盘的控制器在现代的计算机中这个微控制器被隐藏到了主板的芯片组中主板的芯片组在一个单一封装中整合了很多的控制器虽然如此但设备仍旧是存在的键盘控制器一般仍按8042来论及
Depending on the motherboard, the keyboard controller may operate in one of two modes: \"AT-compatible\" mode, or \"PS/2-compatible\" mode. The latter is used if a PS/2 mouse is supported by the motherboard. If this is the case, the 8042 acts as the keyboard controller and the mouse controller. The keyboard controller auto-detects which mode it is to use according to how it's wired to the keyboard port.
依赖于主板的不同键盘控制器可以工作于两个模式之一AT兼容模式或PS/2兼容模式如果主板支持PS/2鼠标就工作在后一种模式下在这种情况下8042的作用是键盘控制器和鼠标控制器键盘控制器根据键盘端口的连线情况自动检测它应该工作在何种模式下
The 8042 contains the following registers: 8042包含了如下的寄存器
A one-byte input buffer - contains byte read from keyboard; read-only 一个字节的输入缓冲区包含从键盘读入的字节只读
A one-byte output buffer - contains byte to-be-written to keyboard; write-only 一个字节的输出缓冲区包含要写到键盘的字节只写 A one-byte status register - 8 status flags; read-only 一个字节的状态寄存器8个状态标志只读 A one-byte control register - 7 control flags; read/write 一个字节的控制寄存器7个控制标志读写
The first three registers (input, output, status) are directly accessible via ports 0x60 and 0x64. The last register (control) is read using the \"Read Command Byte\" command, and written using the \"Write Command Byte\" command. The following table shows how the peripheral ports are used to interface the 8042:
前三个寄存器输入输出状态可以通过0x60和0x64端口直接存取最后那个寄存器控制要使用Read Command Byte命令读使用Write Command Byte命令写下表示出周边端口示如何于8042接口的 Port 0x60 0x60 0x64
Read / Write Read Write Read
Function Read Input Buffer Write Output Buffer Read Status Register
功能
读输入缓冲区 写输出缓冲区 读状态寄存器
0x64 Write Send Command 发送命令
Writing to port 0x64 doesn't write to any specific register, but sends a command for the 8042 to interpret. If the command accepts a parameter, this parameter is sent to port 0x60. Likewise, any results returned by the command may be read from port 0x60.
写0x64端口不会写入到任何特定的寄存器中但是解释为发送命令给8042如果命令接收一个参数则参数被发往0x60端口同样命令的任何返回结构可以从0x60端口读出
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
When describing the 8042, I may occasionally refer to its physical I/O pins. These pins are defined below: 在描述8042时我偶尔提及它的物理I/O管脚这些管脚定义如下
AT-compatible mode
Port 1 (Input Port):
Pin Name Function 0 P10 Undefined
Port 2 (Output Port):
Pin Name Function 0 P20 System Reset
1: Normal 0: Reset computer
Port 3 (Test Port):
Pin Name Function 0
T0
Keyboard Clock (Input)
1 P11 Undefined 2 P12 Undefined 3 P13 Undefined 4 P14 External RAM
RAM
1 P21 Gate A20 1 T1 Keyboard Data (Input)
2 P22 Undefined 2 -- Undefined 3 P23 Undefined 3 -- Undefined 4
P24
Input Buffer Full
4
--
Undefined
1: Enable external 0: Disable external RAM
5 5 P15 Manufacturing Setting 1: Setting enabled 0: Setting disabled
6
P16
Display Type Switch 1: Color display 0: Monochrome Switch
1: Keyboard enabled 0: Keyboard inhibited
6 P26 Keyboard Clock
1: Pull Clock low 0: High-Z
7 -- Undefined
1: Pull Data low 0: High-Z
6 -- Undefined
P25
Output Buffer Empty
5
--
Undefined
7 P27 Keyboard Data: 7 P17 Keyboard Inhibit
PS/2-compatible mode
Port 1 (Input Port):
Pin Name Function 0 P10 Keyboard Data
(Input)
1 P11 Mouse Data
(Input)
2 P12 Undefined
2 P22 Mouse Data:
1: Pull Data low 0: High-Z
3 P13 Undefined
3 P23 Mouse Clock:
1: Pull Clock low
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02-11-22发布
3 -- Undefined
1
P21
Port 2 (Output Port):
Pin Name Function 0 P20 System Reset
1: Normal 0: Reset computer Gate A20
Port 3 (Test Port):
Pin Name Function 0
T0
Keyboard Clock (Input)
1
T1
Mouse Clock (Input)
2 -- Undefined
PS/2技术参考
0: High-Z
著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
4 P14 External RAM
RAM
4 P24 Keyboard interrupt: 1: Assert IRQ 1 0: De-assert IRQ 1
P25
4 -- Undefined IBF 1: Enable external 0: Disable external RAM
5 5 P15 Manufacturing Setting 1: Setting enabled 0: Setting disabled
6
P16
Display Type Switch 1: Color display 0: Monochrome Switch
1: Keyboard enabled 0: Keyboard inhibited
Mouse IBF interrupt: 1: Assert IRQ 12 0: De-assert IRQ 12
5 -- Undefined
6 P26 Keyboard Clock
1: Pull Clock low 0: High-Z
6 -- Undefined
7 P27 Keyboard Data: 7 P17 Keyboard Inhibit 1: Pull Data low 0: High-Z
7 -- Undefined
(Note: Reading keyboard controller datasheets can be confusing--it will refer to the \"input buffer\" as the \"output buffer\" and vice versa. This makes sense from the point-of-view of someone writing firmware for the controller, but for somebody used to interfacing the controller, this can cause problems. Throughout this document, I only refer to the \"input buffer\" as the one containing input from the keyboard, and the \"output buffer\" as the one that contains output to be sent to the keyboard.)
注意读键盘控制器数据表可能会迷惑你其中提到的输入缓冲区是指输出缓冲区反之亦然这是取决于你看问题的观点是从控制器的固件还是从控制器的接口在本文中我所提到的输入缓冲区指放置从键盘获得的输入的地方输出缓冲器指放置把输出发送到键盘的数据的地方
Status Register: 状态寄存器
The 8042's status flags are read from port 0x64. They contain error information, status information, and indicate whether or not data is present in the input and output buffers. The flags are defined as follows: 8042的状态标志是从0x64端口读出的它们包含了错误信息状态信息和输入输出缓冲区里有无数据的指示这些标志的定义如下 MSB LSB AT-compatible mode: PS/2-compatible mode:
OBF (Output Buffer Full) - Indicates when it's okay to write to output buffer. 0: Output buffer empty - Okay to write to port 0x60 1: Output buffer full - Don't write to port 0x60
IBF (Input Buffer Full) - Indicates when input is available in the input buffer. 0: Input buffer empty - No unread input at port 0x60
1: Input buffer full - New input can be read from port 0x60
SYS (System flag) - Post reads this to determine if power-on reset, or software reset. 0: Power-up value - System is in power-on reset.
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PERR PERR
RxTO TO
TxTO MOBF
INH INH
A2 A2
SYS SYS
IBF IBF
OBF OBF
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
1: BAT code received - System has already beed initialized.
A2 (Address line A2) - Used internally by the keyboard controller 0: A2 = 0 - Port 0x60 was last written to 1: A2 = 1 - Port 0x64 was last written to
INH (Inhibit flag) - Indicates whether or not keyboard communication is inhibited. 0: Keyboard Clock = 0 - Keyboard is inhibited 1: Keyboard Clock = 1 - Keyboard is not inhibited
TxTO (Transmit Timeout) - Indicates keyboard isn't accepting input (kbd may not be plugged in). 0: No Error - Keyboard accepted the last byte written to it.
1: Timeout error - Keyboard didn't generate clock signals within 15 ms of \"request-to-send\".
RxTO (Receive Timeout) - Indicates keyboard didn't respond to a command (kbd probably broke) 0: No Error - Keyboard responded to last byte.
1: Timeout error - Keyboard didn't generate clock signals within 20 ms of command reception.
PERR (Parity Error) - Indicates communication error with keyboard (possibly noisy/loose connection) 0: No Error - Odd parity received and proper command response recieved. 1: Parity Error - Even parity received or 0xFE received as command response. MOBF (Mouse Output Buffer Full) - Similar to OBF, except for PS/2 mouse. 0: Output buffer empty - Okay to write to auxillary device's output buffer 1: Output buffer full - Don't write to port auxillary device's output buffer
TO (General Timout) - Indicates timeout during command write or response. (Same as TxTO + RxTO.) 0: No Error - Keyboard received and responded to last command. 1: Timeout Error - See TxTO and RxTO for more information. OBF 输出缓冲区满 指示是否成功写入输出缓冲区 0输出缓冲区空写入到0x60 端口成功 1输出缓冲区满不能写到0x60 端口 IBF 输入缓冲区满 指示是否可以从输入缓冲区中读入 0输入缓冲区空不能从0x60端口读入数据
1输入缓冲区满有新的数据输入了可以从0x60端口读入 SYS系统标志 Post读取这个标记测定是否上电复位还是软件复位 0上电系统处于上电自检中
1BAT代码完成系统已经完成了初始化 A2 地址线A2 键盘控制器内部使用 0A2 = 0最后写入的是端口0x60 1A2 = 1最后写入的是端口0x64 INH禁止标志 指示键盘通讯是否被禁止 0键盘时钟 = 0键盘被禁止
1键盘没有被禁止 1键盘时钟 =
TxTO 发送超时 指示键盘不可接受输入比如键盘没有插入 0无错误键盘接收了最后一个给它的字节
1超时错键盘在15ms的请求发送时间内没有产生时钟信号 RxTO 接收超时 指示键盘不能回应命令(键盘可能是坏的) 0无错误键盘回应了最后一个字节
1超时错键盘在20ms的命令接收期内没有产生时钟信号 PERR校验错误 指示和键盘的通讯有错误可能有干扰或者连接松掉了 0无错误接收到了奇校验并且收到了适当的命令回应 1校验错接收到偶校验或者0xFE作为命令回应被收到了
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PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
01
01
[EG: On my PC, the normal value of the 8042's \"Status\" register is 14h = 00010100b. This indicates keyboard communication is not inhibited, and the 8042 has already completed its self-test (\"BAT\"). The \"Status\" register is accessed by reading from port 64h (\"IN AL, 64h\")]
例如在我的PC上8042转台寄存器的正常值是14h00010100b这个值说明键盘通讯没有被禁止8042已经完成了自检状态寄存器可以从64h端口读取BATIN AL,64h
Reading keyboard input: 读键盘的输入
When the 8042 recieves a valid scan code from the keyboard, it is converted to its set 1 equivalent. The converted scan code is then placed in the input buffer, the IBF (Input Buffer Full) flag is set, and IRQ 1 is asserted. Furthermore, when any byte is received from the keyboard, the 8042 inhibits further reception (by pulling the \"Clock\" line low), so no other scan codes will be received until the input buffer is emptied.
当8042从键盘收到有效的扫描码就把它转换成第一套相等的扫描码转换后的扫描码放置在输入缓冲区IBF输入缓冲区满标志被设置产生IRQ1而且此时如果有其他来自键盘的字节8042将抑制更多的接收通过把时钟线拉低这样就不会收到更多的扫描码一直到输入缓冲区被清空
If enabled, IRQ 1 will activate the keyboard driver, pointed to by interrupt vector 0x09. The driver reads the scan code from port 0x60, which causes the 8042 to de-assert IRQ 1 and reset the IBF flag. The scan code is then processed by the driver, which responds to special key combinations and updates an area of the system RAM reserved for keyboard input.
如果中断是使能的IRQ1将激活键盘驱动程序这是指向0x09号中断向量的驱动程序从0x60端口读取扫描码这个动作会释放IRQ1并复位IBF标志接着扫描码被驱动程序处理如回应特殊键的组合更新系统RAM保留给键盘输入的区域里的数据等
If you don't want to patch into interrupt 0x09, you may poll the keyboard controller for input. This is accomplished by disabling the 8042's IBF Interrupt and polling the IBF flag. This flag is set (1) when data is available in the input buffer, and is cleared (0) when data is read from the input buffer. Reading the input buffer is accomplished by reading from port 0x60, and the IBF flag is at port 0x64, bit 1. The following assembly code illustrates this:
如果你不打算在中断0x09中嵌入个补丁你可以轮询键盘控制器来输入数据这是通过禁止8042IBF中断再轮询IBF标志来实现的数据如果再输入缓冲区是可用的标志就会被置1如果数据从输入缓冲区里被读出了标志就会被清0读输入缓冲区就是读0x60端口中的数据IBF标志在0x64端口的第1位汇编代码举例说明如下
kbRead:
WaitLoop: in al, 64h ; Read Status byte and al, 10b ; Test IBF flag (Status<1>) jz WaitLoop ; Wait for IBF = 1
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MOBF鼠标输出缓冲区满 类似于OBF但不包括PS/2 鼠标
输出缓冲区空写到扩展设备的输出缓冲区成功
输出缓冲区满不可以写到辅助设备的输出缓冲区端口 TO 一般性超时 指示在命令写入或回应中有超时和TxTO + RxTO一样无错误键盘收到并回应了最后一条命令
超时错参考TxTO和RxTO 获得更多信息
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
in al, 60h ; Read input buffer
Writing to keyboard: 往键盘写数据
When you write to the 8042's output buffer (via port 0x60), the controller sets the OBF (\"Output Buffer Full\") flag and processes the data. The 8042 will send this data to the keyboard and wait for a response. If the keyboard does not accept or generate a response within a given amount of time, the appropriate timeout flag will be set (see Status register definition for more info.) If an incorrect parity bit is read, the 8042 will send the \"Resend\" (0xFE) command to the keyboard. If the keyboard continues to send erroneous bytes, the \"Parity Error\" flag is set in the Status register. If no errors occur, the response byte is placed in the input buffer, the IBF (\"Input Buffer Full\") flag is set, and IRQ 1 is activated, signaling the keyboard driver.
当你写数据到8042的输出缓冲区通过0x60端口控制器设置OBF输出缓冲区满标志并处理数据8042将发送这个数据到键盘并等待一个回应如果键盘没有接收或者在指定时间内没有回应相应的超时标志就会被设置见状态寄存器的定义给获得更多信息如果键盘继续发送错误的字节状态寄存器里的校验错标志就会被置位如果没有错误发生回应字节就会放到输入缓冲区中IBF
输入缓冲区满标志被置位IRQ1被激活发信号给键盘驱动程序
The following assembly code shows how to write to the output buffer. (Remember, after you write to the output buffer, you should use int 9h or poll port 64h to get the keyboard's response.) 下面的汇编代码说明如何写入输出缓冲区记住在你往输出缓冲区中写入数据后你必须使用中断9h或者轮询64h端口来获得键盘的回应
kbWrite:
WaitLoop: in al, 64h ; Read Status byte
and al, 01b ; Test OBF flag (Status<0>) jnz WaitLoop ; Wait for OBF = 0 out 60h, cl ; Write data to output buffer
Keyboard Controller Commands: 键盘控制器命令
Commands are sent to the keyboard controller by writing to port 0x64. Command parameters are written to port 0x60 after teh command is sent. Results are returned on port 0x60. Always test the OBF (\"Output Buffer Full\") flag before writing commands or parameters to the 8042.
范颂命令给键盘控制器就是写0x64端口在命令发送后命令参数写到0x60端口结构也返回到0x60端口在写命令或参数到8042之前总是要测试OBF输出缓冲区满标志的
0x20 (Read Command Byte) - Returns command byte. (See \"Write Command Byte\" below).
0x60 (Write Command Byte) - Stores parameter as command byte. Command byte defined as follows:
返回命令字节参考下面的写命令字节0x20读命令字节 存储参数作为命令字节命令字节定义如下 0x60写命令字节
MSB LSB AT-compatible mode: -- XLAT PC _EN OVR SYS -- PS/2-compatible mode: -- XLAT _EN2 _EN --
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INT SYS INT2 INT 02-11-22发布
PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show
INT (Input Buffer Full Interrupt) - When set, IRQ 1 is generated when data is available in the input buffer.
0: IBF Interrupt Disabled - You must poll STATUS 1: IBF Interrupt Enabled - Keyboard driver at software int 0x09 handles input. SYS (System Flag) - Used to manually set/clear SYS flag in Status register. 0: Power-on value - Tells POST to perform power-on tests/initialization. 1: BAT code received - Tells POST to perform \"warm boot\" tests/initiailization. OVR (Inhibit Override) - Overrides keyboard's \"inhibit\" switch on older motherboards. 0: Inhibit switch enabled - Keyboard inhibited if pin P17 is high. 1: Inhibit switch disabled - Keyboard not inhibited even if P17 = high. _EN (Disable keyboard) - Disables/enables keyboard interface. 0: Enable - Keyboard interface enabled. 1: Disable - All keyboard communication is disabled. PC (\"PC Mode\") - ???Enables keyboard interface somehow??? 0: Disable - ??? 1: Enable - ??? XLAT (Translate Scan Codes) - Enables/disables translation to set 1 scan codes. 0: Translation disabled - Data appears at input buffer exactly as read from keyboard 1: Translation enabled - Scan codes translated to set 1 before put in input buffer INT2 (Mouse Input Buffer Full Interrupt) - When set, IRQ 12 is generated when mouse data is available. 0: Auxillary IBF Interrupt Disabled - 1: Auxillary IBF Interrupt Enabled - _EN2 (Disable Mouse) - Disables/enables mouse interface. 0: Enable - Auxillary PS/2 device interface enabled 1: Disable - Auxillary PS/2 device interface disabled 如果设置了当输入缓冲区有有效数据时产生IRQ1 INT输入缓冲区满中断 0IBF中断禁止你必须轮询状态寄存器的 常用于手动设置/清除状态寄存器中的SYS标志 SYS系统标志 0上电告诉POST 执行上电自检及初始化 1BAT代码收到告诉POST执行热启动测试及初始化 在某些老主板上忽略键盘的禁用开关 OVR忽略禁止 0禁用开关使能如果P17脚为高则禁用键盘 1禁用开关禁止键盘不被禁用甚至于P17为高 禁止/使能键盘接口 _EN禁止键盘 0使能键盘接口使能 1禁止所有键盘通讯被禁止 PCPC 模式???在某种情况下使能键盘接口??? 0禁止??? 1使能??? 译者注 这个命令显然作者不知道是如何工作的 所以我也不知道 使能/禁止翻译成第一套扫描码 XLAT翻译扫描码 0翻译禁止从键盘读入的数据直接放入输入缓冲区 1翻译使能扫描码在放入输入缓冲区之前先翻译成第一套的对应值 第31页共31页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 0101 当设置后INT2鼠标输入缓冲区满中断 辅助IBF中断禁止 辅助IBF中断使能 禁止/使能鼠标接口 _EN2禁止鼠标 使能辅助的PS/2设备接口被使能 禁止辅助的PS/2设备接口被禁止 如果鼠标数据有效则产生IRQ 12 ?0x90-0x9F (Write to output port) - Writes command's lower nibble to lower nibble of output port (see Output Port definition.) ?0xA1 (Get version number) - Returns firmware version number. ?0xA4 (Get password) - Returns 0xFA if password exists; otherwise, 0xF1. ?0xA5 (Set password) - Set the new password by sending a null-terminated string of scan codes as this command's parameter. ?0xA6 (Check password) - Compares keyboard input with current password. 0xA7 (Disable mouse interface) - PS/2 mode only. Similar to \"Disable keyboard interface\" (0xAD) command. 0xA8 (Enable mouse interface) - PS/2 mode only. Similar to \"Enable keyboard interface\" (0xAE) command. 0xA9 (Mouse interface test) - Returns 0x00 if okay, 0x01 if Clock line stuck low, 0x02 if clock line stuck high, 0x03 if data line stuck low, and 0x04 if data line stuck high. 0xAA (Controller self-test) - Returns 0x55 if okay. 0xAB (Keyboard interface test) - Returns 0x00 if okay, 0x01 if Clock line stuck low, 0x02 if clock line stuck high, 0x03 if data line stuck low, and 0x04 if data line stuck high. 0xAD (Disable keyboard interface) - Sets bit 4 of command byte and disables all communication with keyboard. 0xAE (Enable keyboard interface) - Clears bit 4 of command byte and re-enables communication with keyboard. 0xAF (Get version) 0xC0 (Read input port) - Returns values on input port (see Input Port definition.) 0xC1 (Copy input port LSn) - PS/2 mode only. Copy input port's low nibble to Status register (see Input Port definition) 0xC2 (Copy input port MSn) - PS/2 mode only. Copy input port's high nibble to Status register (see Input Port definition.) 0xD0 (Read output port) - Returns values on output port (see Output Port definition.) 0xD1 (Write output port) - Write parameter to output port (see Output Port definition.) 0xD2 (Write keyboard buffer) - Parameter written to input buffer as if received from keyboard. 0xD3 (Write mouse buffer) - Parameter written to input buffer as if received from mouse. 0xD4 (Write mouse Device) - Sends parameter to the auxillary PS/2 device. 0xE0 (Read test port) - Returns values on test port (see Test Port definition.) 0xF0-0xFF (Pulse output port) - Pulses command's lower nibble onto lower nibble of output port (see Output Port definition.) 写命令的低4位到输出端口的低4位见输出端口的定义?0x90-0x9F写到输出端口 返回固件的版本号 ?0xA1获得版本号 如果密码存在则返回0xFA否则返回0xF1 ?0xA4获得密码 设置新的密码发送一个以空字符结束的扫描码字串作为命令的参数 ?0xA5设置密码 把键盘输入和当前的密码相比较 ?0xA6比较密码 第32页共32页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 仅用于PS/2模式类似于禁止键盘接口0xA7禁止鼠标接口0xAD命令 仅用于PS/2模式类似于使能键盘接口0xA8使能鼠标接口0xAE命令 若通过则返回0x00若时钟线保持低不变则返回0x01若时钟线保持高不0xA9鼠标接口测试 变则返回0x02若数据线保持低不变则返回0x03若数据线保持高不变则返回0x04 若成功则返回0x55 0xAA控制器自检 若通过则返回0x00若时钟线保持低不变则为0x01若时钟线保持高不变0xAB键盘接口测试 则为0x02若数据线保持低不变则为0x03若数据线保持高不变则为0x04 设置命令字节的第4位并禁止所有与键盘间的通讯 0xAD禁止键盘接口 清除命令字节的第4位并重新使能与键盘的通讯 0xAE使能键盘接口 0xAF获得版本 返回输入端口中的值参考输入端口的定义0xC0读输入端口 仅用于PS/2模式拷贝输入端口的低四位到状态寄存器参考输入0xC1拷贝输入端口的LSn 端口定义 仅用于PS/2模式拷贝输入端口的高四位到状态寄存器参考输入0xC2拷贝输入端口的MSn 端口定义 返回输出端口的值参考输出端口定义0xD0读输出端口 写参数到输出端口参考输出端口定义0xD1写输出端口 把参数写到输入缓冲区就像时从键盘接收到的一样 0xD2写键盘缓冲区 把参数写到输入缓冲区就像时从鼠标接收到的一样 0xD3写鼠标缓冲区 发送参数给辅助的PS/2设备 0xD4写鼠标设备 返回测试端口的值参考测试端口的定义0xE0读测试端口 在脉冲下输出命令的低四位到输出端口的低四位参考输出端口定义 0xF0-0xFF脉冲输出端口 Modern Keyboard Controllers: 现代键盘控制器 So far, I've only discussed the 8042 keyboard controller. Although modern keyboard controllers remain compatible with the original device, compatibility is their only requirement (and their goal.) 到目前为止我只讨论了8042键盘控制器虽然现代的键盘控制器保持了和原始设备的兼容性但兼容是他们唯一的需求和目标 My motherboard's keyboard controller is a great example of this. I connected a microcontroller+LCD in parallel to my keyboard to see what data is sent by the keyboard controller. At power-up, the keyboard controller sent the \"Set LED state\" command to turn off all LEDs, then reads the keyboard's ID. When I tried writing data to the output buffer, I found the keyboard controller only forwards the \"Set LED state\" command and \"Set Typematic Rate/Delay\" command. It does not allow any other commands to be sent to the keyboard. However, it does emulate the keyboard's response by placing \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) in the input buffer when appropriate (or 0xEE in response to the \"Echo\" command.) Furthermore, if the keyboard sends it an erroneous byte, the keyboard controller takes care of error handling (sends the \"Retry\" command; if byte still erroneous; sends error code to keyboard and places error code in input buffer.) 我的主板上的键盘控制器是一个重要的例子我把一个微控制器和LCD并接到我的键盘上来观察键盘控制器发送了哪些数据上电后键盘控制器发送了设置LED状态关闭了所有的LED然后读取键盘的ID当我试着写数据到输出缓冲区我发现键盘控制器只转发了设置LED状态命令和设置机打速率/延时命令它不允许任何其他命令发往键盘但是在适当时候它通过放置应答到输入缓冲区来仿真键盘的应答和0xEE回应Echo命令此外如果键盘发送了一个错误的字节键盘控制器将拿走错误俘获发送Retry命令如果字节仍旧是错的发送错误代码给键盘并将错 第33页共33页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 误代码放入输入缓冲区 Once again, keep in mind chipset designers are more interested in compatibility than standardization. 再说一次记住芯片组的设计者对兼容比标准更有兴趣 Initialization: 初始化 The following is the communication between my computer and keyboard when it boots-up. I beleive the first three commands were initiated by the keyboad controller, the next command (which enables Num lock LED) was sent by the BIOS, then the rest of the commands were sent my the OS (Win98SE). Remember, these results are specific to my computer, but it should give you a general idea as to what happens at startup. 如下的通讯过程发生在我的计算机和键盘之间当计算机启动后我相信嵌三个命令是初始化键盘控制器后一条命令使能Numlock LED是由BIOS发送的剩下来的命令是由我的OSWin98SE发送的记住在我计算机上这么结果是明确的但是它指示给你一个一般性的概念告诉你启动时发生了什么 Keyboard: AA Self-test passed ;Keyboard controller init Host: ED Set/Reset Status Indicators Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: 00 Turn off all LEDs Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: F2 Read ID Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Keyboard: AB First byte of ID Host: ED Set/Reset Status Indicators ;BIOS init Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: 02 Turn on Num Lock LED Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: F3 Set Typematic Rate/Delay ;Windows init Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: 20 500 ms / 30.0 reports/sec Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: F4 Enable Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: F3 Set Typematic Rate/delay Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Host: 00 250 ms / 30.0 reports/sec Keyboard: FA Acknowledge Other Sources / References: 其他资源/参考 Adam's micro-Resources Home - This site's homepage. Keyboard Scan Codes - My collection of scan code sets, verified in hardware. PS/2 Mouse/Keyboard Protocol - Protocol used by AT and PS/2 keyboards. 第34页共34页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Keyboard Code/Projects - My keyboard projects and source code. National Semiconductor - \"Super I/O\" chipset datasheets. IBM Archives - Non-technical historical information. Samtech, Holtech - Keyboard encoder datasheets. Sci.Electronics.Repair - PC Keyboard FAQ. Adam Chapweske's Homepage - Information about me. Email me - Questions/comments? 第35页共35页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 第三章 PS/2鼠标接口 This document is under construction... I'll post more information as I have time... Electrical Interface / Protocol: 电气接口/协议 The PS/2 mouse uses the same protocol as the PS/2 (AT) keyboard. This standard originally appeared in the IBM technical reference manual, but I am not aware of any current official publication of this standard. However, you may click here for the (detailed) information I have gathered about that protocol. PS/2鼠标使用和PS/2键盘一样的协议这个标准最初出现在IBM技术参考手册里但我没有知道当前关于这个标准的任何官方文件不过你可以点击这里获得我收集的关于这个协议的细节 译者注 别点击了 就是本译文的第一章 Inputs, Resolution, and Scaling: 输入分辨率和缩放比例 The standard PS/2 mouse supports the following inputs: X (right/left) movement, Y (up/down) movement, left button, middle button, and right button. The mouse reads these inputs at a regular freqency and updates various counters and flags to reflect movement and button states. There are many PS/2 pointing devices that have additional inputs and may report data differently than described in this document. One popular extension I cover later in this document is the Microsoft Intellimouse, which includes support for the standard inputs as well as a scrolling wheel and two additional buttons. 标准的PS/2鼠标支持下面的输入X左右位移Y上下位移左键中键和右键鼠标以一个固定的频率读取这些输入并更新不同的计数器然后标记出反映的移动和按键状态有很多PS/2指示设备具有额外的输入并可以报告不同于本文描述的数据一个受欢迎的扩充是我在文章后面介绍的Microsoft的Intellimouse它既支持标准输入也支持滚轮和两个附加的按键 The standard mouse has two counters that keep track of movement: the X-movement counter and the Y-movement counter. These are 9-bit 2's complement values and each has an associated overflow flag. Their contents, along with the state of the three mouse buttons, are sent to the host in the form of a 3-byte movement data packet (as described in the next section.) The movement counters represent the amount of movement that has occurred since the last movment data packet was sent to the host. 标准的鼠标有两个计数器保持位移的跟踪X位移计数器和Y位移计数器可存放9位的2进制补码并且每个计数器都有相关的溢出标志它们的内容连同三个鼠标按钮的状态一起以三字节移动数据包的形式发送给主机描述见下一部分位移计数器表示从最后一次位移数据包被送往主机后有位移量发生 When the mouse reads its inputs, it records the current state of its buttons, then checks for movement. If movement has occurred, it increments (for +X or +Y movement) or decrements (for -X or -Y movement) its X and/or Y movement counters. If either of the counters has overflowed, it sets the appropriate overflow flag. 当鼠标读取它的输入的时候它记录按键的当前状态然后检查位移如果位移发生它就增加对正位移或减少对负位移X和/或Y位移计数器的值如果有一个计数器溢出了就设置相应的溢出标志 第36页共36页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show The parameter that determines the amount by which the movement counters are incremented/decremented is the resolution. The default resolution is 4 counts/mm and the host may change that value using the \"Set Resolution\" (0xE8) command. 决定位移计数器增减数量的参数叫分辨率缺省的分辨率为4计数单位/毫米主机可以用设置分辨率0xE8命令改变这个值 There is a parameter that does not effect the movement counters, but does effect the reported(1) value of these counters. This parameter is scaling. By default, the mouse uses 1:1 scaling, which has no effect on the reported mouse movement. However, the host may select 1:2 scaling by sending the \"Set Scaling 2:1\" (0xE7) command. If 2:1 scaling is enabled, the mouse will apply the following algorithm to the counters before sending their contents to the host: 有一个参数不影响位移计数器的值但是影响这些计数器报告的值见本章的脚注1这个参数就是缩放比例缺省情况下鼠标使用11比例因此对报告的鼠标位移没有影响但是主机可以用设置比例210xE7命令选择21比例如果启用了21比例鼠标在发数据给主机前采用如下的算法运算计数器内容 Movement Counter Reported Movement 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 6 5 9 N>5 2*N Movement Data Packet: 位移数据包 The standard PS/2 mouse sends movement (and button) information to the host using the following 3-byte packet (4): 标准的PS/2鼠标发送位移和按键信息给主机采用如下的3字节数据包格式见本章脚注4 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Y sign bit Bit 4 X sign bit Bit 3 Always 1 X Movement Y Movement Bit 2 Middle Btn Bit 1 Right Btn Bit 0 Left Btn Y overflow X overflow The movement counters are 9-bit 2's complement integers, where the most significant bit appears as a sign bit in Byte 1 of the movement data packet. These counters are updated when the mouse reads its input and finds movement has occurred. Their value is the amount of movement that has occurred since the last movement data packet was sent to the host (ie, after a packet is sent to the host, the movement counters are reset.) The range of values that can be expressed by the movement counters is -255 to +255. If this range is exceeded, the appropriate overflow bit is set and the counter is not incremented/decremented until it is reset. 位移计数器是一个9位2的补码整数它的最高位作为符号位出现在位移数据包的第一个字节里这些计数器在鼠标读取输入发现有位移时被更新这些值是自从最后一次发送位移数据包给主机后位移的累计量即最后一次包发给主机后位移计数器被复位位移计数器可表示的值的范围是-255到+255 第37页共37页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 如果超过了范围相应的溢出位就被设置并且在复位前计数器不会增减 As I mentioned earlier, the movement counters are reset whenever a movement data packet is successfully sent to the host. They are also reset after the mouse receives any command from the host other than the \"Resend\" (0xFE) command. 正如我前面提及的一旦位移数据包成功地发送给主机位移计数器就会复位同样鼠标在收到主机不是Resend0xFE命令外的其他命令计数器也会复位 Modes of Operation: 操作模式 Data reporting is handled according to the mode in which the mouse is operating. There are four standard modes of operation: 根据鼠标工作的模式来处理的数据报告有四种标准的工作模式 Reset - The mouse enters Reset mode at power-up or after receiving the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command. Stream - This is the default mode (after Reset finishes executing) and is the mode in which most software uses the mouse. If the host has previously set the mouse to Remote mode, it may re-enter Stream mode by sending the \"Set Stream Mode\" (0xEA) command to the mouse. Remote - Remote mode is useful in some situations and may be entered by sending the \"Set Remote Mode\" (0xF0) command to the mouse. Wrap - This mode isn't particularly useful except for testing the connection between the mouse and its host. Wrap mode may be entered by sending the \"Set Wrap Mode\" (0xEE) command to the mouse. To exit Wrap mode, the host must issue the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command or \"Reset Wrap Mode\" (0xEC) command. If the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command is recieved, the mouse will enter Reset mode. If the \"Reset Wrap Mode\" (0xEC) command is received, the mouse will enter the mode it was in prior to Wrap Mode. Reset鼠标在上电或收到Reset0xFF命令后进入Reset模式 Stream这是缺省模式在Reset执行完成后也是多数软件使用鼠标的模式如果主机先前吧鼠标设置到了Remote模式那它可以发送Set Stream Mode0xEA命令给鼠标让鼠标重新进入Stream模式 Remote在某些情况下Remote模式很有用可以通过发送Set Remote Mode0xF0命令进入 Wrap除了为测试鼠标和它的主机之间的连接外这个模式不是特别地有用Wrap模式可以通过发送Set Wrap Mode0xEE命令给鼠标来进入要退出Wrap模式主机必须发布Reset0xFF命令或Reset Wrap Mode0xEC命令如果Reset0xFF命令收到了鼠标将进入Reset模式 如果收到的是Reset Wrap Mode0xEC命令鼠标将进入Wrap模式前的那个模式 (Note: The mouse may also enter \"extended\" modes of operation, as described later in this document. However, this is not a feature of the standard PS/2 mouse.) 注意鼠标同样可以进入extended操作模式正如本文后面所述但是这不是标准PS/2鼠标的特征 Reset Mode: Reset模式 The mouse enters reset mode at power-on or in response to the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command. After entring this mode, the mouse performs a diagnostic self-test referred to as BAT (Basic Assurance Test) and sets the 第38页共38页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show follwing default values: 鼠标在上电后或应答Reset0xFF命令就进入reset模式进入这个模式后鼠标执行象前面提到的BAT基本保证测试一样的自检并设置如下的缺省值 Sample Rate - 100 samples/sec Resolution - 4 counts/mm Scaling - 1:1 Data Reporting Disabled 采样速率100采样点/秒 分辨率4个计数值/毫米 缩放比例1:1 数据报告被禁止 It then sends a BAT completion code of either 0xAA (BAT successful) or 0xFC (Error). If the host receives a response other than 0xAA, it may cycle the mouse's power supply, causing the mouse to reset and re-execute its BAT. 然后发送BAT完成代码这个代码不是0xAABAT成功就是0xFC错误如果主机收到了不是0xAA的回应它可能重新给鼠标供电这样来引起鼠标复位并重新执行BAT Following the BAT completion code (0xAA or 0xFC), the mouse sends its device ID of 0x00. This distinguishes it from a keyboard, or a mouse in an extended mode. I have read documents saything the host is not supposed to transmit any data until it receives a device ID. However I've found that some BIOS's will send the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command immediately following the 0xAA received after a power-on reset. 接着BAT完成代码0xAA或0xFC的后面鼠标发送它的设备ID 0x00这个ID用来区别设备是键盘还是处于扩展模式中的鼠标我读到的文件中说主机在没收到设备ID前不会假定发送任何数据但是我发现有些BIOS在上电复位并收到0xAA后立刻发送Reset0xFF命令 After the mouse has sent its device ID to the host, it will enter Stream Mode. Note that one of the default values set by the mouse is \"Data Reporting Disabled\". This means the mouse will not send any movement data packets to the host until the \"Enable Data Reporting\" (0xF4) command is received. 鼠标发送自己的设备ID给主机后它就进入了Stream模式注意鼠标设置的一个缺省值之一是数据报告被禁止这就意味着鼠标在没收到使能数据报告0xF4命令之前不会发送任何位移数据包给主机 Stream Mode: Stream模式 In stream mode, the mouse sends movement data when it detects movement or a change in state of one or more mouse buttons. The maximum rate at which this data reporting may occur is known as the sample rate. This parameter ranges from 10 samples/sec to 200 samples/sec. Its default value is 100 samples/sec and the host may change that value by using the \"Set Sample Rate\" (0xF3) command. Stream mode is the default mode of operation. 在Stream模式中一旦鼠标检测到位移或发现一个或多个鼠标键的状态改变了就发送位移数据包数据报告的最大速率被认为是采样速率参数的范围从10采样点/秒到200采样点/秒这个参数的缺省值是100采样点/秒主机可以用设置采样速率0xF3命令来改变它Stream模式是操作的缺省模式 第39页共39页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Remote Mode: Remote模式 In this mode, the mouse reads its inputs and updates its counters/flags at the current sampling rate, but it only notifies the host of movement (and change in button state) when that information is requested by the host. The host does this by issuing the \"Read Data\" (0xEB) command. After receiveing this command, the mouse will send a movement data packet, and reset its movement counters. 在这个模式下鼠标以当前的采样速率读取输入并更新它的计数器和标志但是它只在主机请求数据的时候才报告给主机位移和按键状态主机通过读数据0xEB命令来获得数据在收到命令后鼠标发送位移数据包并复位它的位移计数器 Wrap Mode: Wrap模式 This is an \"echoing\" mode in which every byte received by the mouse is sent back to the host. Even if the byte represents a valid command, the mouse will not respond to that command--it will only echo that byte back to the host. There are two exceptions to this: the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command and \"Reset Wrap Mode\" (0xEC) command. The mouse treats these as valid commands and does not echo them back to the host. 这是一个回声模式鼠标收到的每个字节都会被发回主机甚至收到的是一个有效的命令鼠标都不会应答这条命令它只把这个字节回送给主机但是有两个例外Reset0xff命令和Reset Wrap Mode0xEC命令鼠标认为这两条命令是一有效的命令并且不会回送它们到主机 Intellimouse Extensions: Intellimouse的扩展 A popular extension to the standard PS/2 mouse is the Microsoft Intellimouse. This includes support for a total of five mouse buttons and three axises of movement (right-left, up-down, and a scrolling wheel). These additional features require the use of a 4-byte movement data packet rather than the standard 3-byte packet. Since standard PS/2 mouse drivers cannot recognize this packet format, the Microsoft Intellimouse is required to operate exactly like a standard PS/2 mouse unless it knows the drivers support the extended packet format. This way, if a Microsoft Intellimouse is used on a computer which only supports the standard PS/2 mouse, the Microsoft Intellimouse will still function, except for its scrolling wheel and 4th and 5th buttons. 对标准的PS/2鼠标的一个流行的扩展是微软的Intellimouse它包括支持五个鼠标按键和三个位移轴左右上下和滚轮这些附加特征要求使用4字节的位移数据包而不是标准3字节包因为标准PS/2鼠标 The Microsoft Intellimouse operates just like a standard PS/2 mouse (ie, it uses a 3-byte movement data packet, responds to all commands in the same way as a standard PS/2 mouse, and reports a device ID of 0x00.) To enter scrolling wheel mode, the host sends the following command sequence: 微软的Intellimouse工作起来象标准的PS/2鼠标也就是使用3字节位移数据包和标准PS/2鼠标一样回应所有命令报告设备ID0x00要进入滚轮模式主机应该发送如下的命令序列 Set sample rate 200 Set sample rate 100 Set sample rate 80 第40页共40页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show The host then issues the \"Get device ID\" command (0xF2) and waits for a response. If a standard PS/2 mouse (ie, non-Intellimouse) is attached, it will respond with a device ID of 0x00. In this case, the host will recognize the fact that the mouse does have a scrolling wheel and will continue to treat it as a standard PS/2 mouse. However, if a Microsoft Intellimouse is attached, it will respond with an ID of 0x03. This tells the host that the attached pointing device has a scrolling wheel and the host will then expect the mouse to use the following 4-byte movement data packet: 主机然后应该发布获得设备ID命令0xF2并等待回应如果安装的是是标准PS/2鼠标非Intellimouse它回应设备ID0x00在这种情况下主机回辨认出实际这个阿戍边没有滚轮并继续把它当作是标准PS/2鼠标但是如果安装的是微软的Intellimouse它返回的ID是0x03这就告诉主机挂接的定点设备有滚轮并且主机认为鼠标使用4字节的位移数据包 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Bit 7 Y overflow Bit 6 X overflow Bit 5 Y sign bit Bit 4 X sign bit Bit 3 Always 1 X Movement Y Movement Z Movement Bit 2 Middle Btn Bit 1 Right Btn Bit 0 Left Btn Z Movement is a 2's complement number that represents the scrolling wheel's movement since the last data report. Valid values are in the range of -8 to +7. This means the number is actually represented only by the least significant four bits; the upper four bits act only as sign extension bits. Z位移是2的补码表示滚轮的自上次数据报告以来的位移有效值的范围在-8到+7这意味着数值实际只有低四位高四位仅用作符号扩展位 To enter scrolling wheel + 5 button mode, the host sends the following command sequence: 要进入滚轮+5键模式主机要发送如下命令序列 Set sample rate 200 Set sample rate 200 Set sample rate 80 The host then issues the \"Get device ID\" command (0xF2) and waits for a response. A Microsoft Intellimouse will respond with a device ID of 0x04, then use the following 4-byte movement data packet: 主机接着发布获得设备ID命令0xF2并等待回应微软的Intellimouse用0x04这样设备ID应答并且使用如下的4字节位移数据包 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Always 0 Always 0 5th Btn Bit 7 Y overflow Bit 6 X overflow Bit 5 Y sign bit Bit 4 X sign bit Bit 3 Always 1 X Movement Y Movement 4th Btn Z3 Z2 Z1 Z0 Bit 2 Middle Btn Bit 1 Right Btn Bit 0 Left Btn Z0-Z3 is a 2's complement number which represents the amount of movement that has occurred since the last data report. Valid values range from -8 to +7. 4th Btn: 1 = 4th mouse button is pressed; 0 = 4th mouse button is not pressed. 5th Btn: 1 = 5th mouse button is pressed; 0 = 5th mouse button is not pressed. Z0-Z3是2的补码用于表示从上次数据报告以来滚轮的位移量有效范围从-8到+7 第4键1第4键按下了0第4键没有按下 第41页共41页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 第5键1第5键按下了0第5键没有按下 You may have seen mice with two scrolling wheels--one vertical and the other horizontal. These mice use the Microsoft Intellimouse data packet format as described above. If the vertical wheel is scrolled upward, the Z-counter is incremented by one and if that wheel is scrolled down, the Z-counter is decremented by one. This is normal operation for a scrolling wheel. However, if the horizontal wheel is scrolled right, the Z-counter is incremented by two and if it is scrolled left, the Z-counter is decremented by two. This seems like an odd way to implement the second scrolling wheel, but it works since the placement of the two wheels make it impossible to use both of them at the same time (and if you try to trick the software and use both at the same time, it will ignore the horizontal wheel.) 你也许见过有两个滚轮的鼠标一个是垂直的一个是水平的这种鼠标使用上面介绍的微软Intellimouse数据包格式如果垂直的滚轮向上滚动Z计数器加1如果这个滚轮向下滚动Z计数器减1这是滚轮的正常操作但是如果水平的滚轮向右滚动Z计数器增加2向左滚动Z计数器减少2看上去象用一种临时的途径实现了第二个滚轮但是由于放置了两个滚轮所以不可能同时使用这两个滚轮如果你试着欺骗软件同时使用它们你会发现软件忽略了水平的那个滚轮 Command Set: 命令集 The following are the only commands that may be sent to the mouse... If the mouse is in Stream mode, the host should disable data reporting (command 0xF5) before sending any other commands... 下面列出的是仅可发送给鼠标的命令如果鼠标工作在Stream模式主机在发送任何其他命令之前要线禁止数据报告命令0xF5 0xFF (Reset) - The mouse responds to this command with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then enters Reset Mode. 0xFFReset鼠标用应答0xFA回应这条命令并进入Reset模式 0xFE (Resend) - The host sends this command whenever it receives invalid data from the mouse. The mouse responds by resending the last(2) packet(3) it sent to the host. If the mouse responds to the \"Resend\" command with another invalid packet, the host may either issue another \"Resend\" command, issue an \"Error\" command, cycle the mouse's power supply to reset the mouse, or it may inhibit communication (by bringing the Clock line low). The action taken depends on the host. 0xFEResend只要从鼠标收到无效数据主机就发送这条命令鼠标的回应是重新发送它最后发给主机的数据包见本章脚注23如果鼠标用了另外一个非法的包来回应主机要么发布另一条Resend命令要么发布Error命令要么让鼠标重建上电来复位它或者禁止通讯把时钟线拉低采取什么样的动作取决于主机 0xF6 (Set Defaults) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then loads the following values: Sampling rate = 100, Resolution = 4 counts/mm, Scaling = 1:1, Disable Data Reporting. The mouse then resets its movement counters and enters stream mode. 0xF6Set Defaults鼠标用应答0xFA来回应然后载入如下的值采样率100分辨率 4个值/毫米比例11禁止数据报告接着鼠标清空它所有的位移计数器并进入stream模式 0xF5 (Disable Data Reporting) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then disables data reporting and resets its movement counters. This only effects data reporting in Stream mode and does not disable sampling. Disabled stream mode funcions the same as remote mode. 0xF5Disable Data Reporting鼠标用应答0xFA回应命令然后禁止数据报告并复位它的位移计数器这仅对Stream模式下的数据报告有效并且它不能禁止采样禁止的stream模式功能与remote模式相同 第42页共42页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 0xF4 (Enable Data Reporting) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then enables data reporting and resets its movement counters. This command may be issued while the mouse is in Remote Mode (or Stream mode), but it will only effect data reporting in Stream mode. 0xF4Enable Data Reporting鼠标用应答0xFA回应命令然后使能数据报告并复位它的位移计数器这条命令可以对在Remote模式或Stream模式下的鼠标发布但只对Stream模式下的数据报告有效 0xF3 (Set Sample Rate) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then reads one more byte from the host. The mouse saves this byte as the new sample rate. After receiving the sample rate, the mouse again responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) and resets its movement counters. Valid sample rates are 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 200 samples/sec. 0xF3Set Sample Rate鼠标用应答0xFA回应命令然后从主机读入一个或更多字节鼠标保留这个字节作为新的采样速率在收到采样速率后鼠标再次用应答0xFA回应并复位它的位移计数器有效的采样速率是1020406080100和200采样点/秒 0xF2 (Get Device ID) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) followed by its device ID (0x00 for the standard PS/2 mouse.) The mouse should also reset its movement counters. 0xF2Get Device ID鼠标用应答0xFA回应命令后面跟着它的设备ID对标准PS/2鼠标来说是0x00鼠标同样会复位它的位移计数器 0xF0 (Set Remote Mode) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then resets its movement counters and enters remote mode. 0xF0Set Remote Mode鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后复位它的位移计数器并进入Remote模式 0xEE (Set Wrap Mode) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then resets its movement counters and enters wrap mode. 0xEESet Wrap Mode鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后复位它的位移计数器并进入wrap模式 0xEC (Reset Wrap Mode) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" (0xFA) then resets its movement counters and enters the mode it was in prior to wrap mode (Stream Mode or Remote Mode.) 0xECReset Wrap Mode鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后复位它的位移计数器并进入wrap模式之前的那个模式stream模式或remote模式 0xEB (Read Data) - The mouse responds with acknowledge (0xFA) then sends a movement data packet. This is the only way to read data in Remote Mode. After the data packets has been successfully sent, it resets its movement counters. 0xEBRead Data鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后发送位移数据包这是在remote模式中读数据的位移方法在数据包成功地被发送后鼠标将复位它的位移计数器 0xEA (Set Stream Mode) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" then resets its movement counters and enters steram mode. 0xEASet Stream Mode鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后复位它的位移计数器并进入stream模式 0xE9 (Status Request) - The mouse responds with \"acknowledge\" then sends the following 3-byte status packet (then resets its movement counters.): 0xE9Status Request鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后发送如下3个字节的状态包然后复位它的位移计数器 Byte 1 Byte 2 Bit 7 Always 0 Bit 6 Mode Bit 5 Enable Bit 4 Scaling Bit 3 Always 0 Resolution 第43页共43页 02-11-22发布 Bit 2 Left Btn Bit 1 Middle Btn Bit 0 Right Btn PS/2技术参考 Byte 3 Sample Rate 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Right, Middle, Left Btn = 1 if button pressed; 0 if button is not pressed. Scaling = 1 if scaling is 2:1; 0 if scaling is 1:1. (See commands 0xE7 and 0xE6) Enable = 1 if data reporting is enabled; 0 if data reporting is disabled. (See commands 0xF5 and 0xF4) Mode = 1 if Remote Mode is enabled; 0 if Stream mode is enabled. (See commands 0xF0 and 0xEA) 右键中键左键1表示键被按下0表示键没有按下 见命令0xE7和0xE6 Scaling = 1缩放比例位210比例为11 Enable = 1表示数据报告被使能见命令0xF5和0xF4 0表示数据报告被禁止 见命令0xF0和0xEA Mode = 1表示remote模式被使能0表示stream模式被使能 0xE8 (Set Resolution) - The mouse responds with acknowledge (0xFA) then reads one byte from the host and again responds with acknowledge (0xFA) then resets its movement counters. The byte read from the host determines the resolution as follows: 0xE8Set Resolution鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后从主机读取一个字节并再次用应答0xFA回应然后复位它的位移计数器从主机读入的字节决定了分辨率如下示 Byte Read from Host Resolution 0x00 1 count/mm 0x01 2 count/mm 0x02 4 count/mm 0x03 8 count/mm 0xE7 (Set Scaling 2:1) - The mouse responds with acknowledge (0xFA) then enables 2:1 scaling (discussed earlier in this document.) 0xE7Set Scaling 2:1鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后使能21比例在本文前面讨论过 0xE6 (Set Scaling 1:1) - The mouse responds with acknowledge (0xFA) then enables 1:1 scaling (discussed earlier in this document.) 0xE6Set Scaling 1:1鼠标用应答0xFA回应然后使能11比例在本文前面讨论过 The only commands the standard PS/2 mouse will send to the host are the \"Resend\" (0xFE) and \"Error\" (0xFC) commands. They both work the same as they do as host-to-device commands. 对于标准鼠标而言只有Resend0xFE和Error0xFC命令会发送给主机这两条命令的工作情况和主机到设备间的命令一样 Initialization: 初始化 The PS/2 mouse is normally detected/initialized only when the computer is booting up. That is, the mouse is not hot-pluggable and you must restart your computer whenever you add/remove a PS/2 mouse (furthermore, some motherboards may be damaged if you add/remove a PS/2 mouse while the computer is running.) 正常情况下PS/2鼠标仅在计算机启动的守候被检测和初始化因此鼠标不能热插拔只要你增加和移走PS/2鼠标你就要重新启动你的机器此外如果你在计算机开着的时候增加/移走PS/2鼠标可能会损坏某些主板 The initial detection of the PS/2 mouse occurrs during POST. If a mouse is detected, the BIOS will allow the 第44页共44页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show operating system to configure/enable the mouse. Otherwise, it will inhibit communication on the mouse's bus. If you boot the computer with a mouse attached, then detach/reattach the mouse while in Windows, the OS may be able to detect the mouse was reattached. Microsoft tried to support this, but it only works about 50% of the time. PS/2鼠标的初始检测发生在POST期间如果鼠标检测到了BIOS将允许操作系统配置/使能鼠标否则OS将禁止在鼠标总线上的通讯如果你启动一台插右鼠标的计算机然后在windows里拔掉又重新插上鼠标OS也许能检测到鼠标又重新插上了Microsoft显然想试着支持这样的操作但是只可能大约50的情况下它是工作的 The following is the communication between my computer (running Win98SE) and mouse when it boots up with a standard PS/2 mouse attached. It is fairly typical of how a PS/2 mouse is initialized and if you want to emulate a PS/2 mouse it must (at minimum) be able to support the following sequence of commands... 下面是在我的计算机运行Win98SE和鼠标之间的通讯启动的时候插有一个PS/2鼠标PS/2鼠标的初始化过程相当的典型如果你要仿真一个PS/2鼠标必须至少能支持如下的命令序列 Power-on Reset: 上电复位 Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Attempt to Enter Microsoft Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Scrolling Mouse mode Host: C8 decimal 200 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 64 decimal 100 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 50 decimal 80 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F2 Read Device Type : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Mouse: 00 Mouse ID : Response 03 if microsoft scrolling mouse 第45页共45页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Host: F3 Set Sample Rate Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: 0A decimal 10 Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: F2 Read Device Type Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: E8 Set resolution Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: 03 8 Counts/mm Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: E6 Set Scaling 1:1 Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: F3 Set Sample Rate Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: 28 decimal 40 Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: F4 Enable Mouse: FA Acknowledge Initialization complete... 初始化完成 If I then press the Left Button... 如果我按左键 Mouse: 09 1 1 00001001; bit0 = Left button state; bit3 = always 1 Mouse: 00 1 1 No X-movement Mouse: 00 1 1 No Y-movement ... and release the Left Button: 然后释放左键 Mouse: 08 0 1 00001000 bit0 = Left button state; bit3 = always 1 Mouse: 00 1 1 No X-movement Mouse: 00 1 1 No Y-movement The following is the communication between my computer (running Win98SE) and mouse when it boots up with an (emulated) Intellimouse... 下面还是我的计算机和鼠标间的通讯但这次启动时插有一个仿真的Intellimouse Power-on Reset: 上电复位 Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID 第46页共46页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: FF Reset command Mouse: FA Acknowledge Mouse: AA Self-test passed Mouse: 00 Mouse ID Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Attempt to Enter Microsoft Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Scrolling Mouse mode Host: C8 decimal 200 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 64 decimal 100 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 50 decimal 80 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F2 Read Device Type : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Mouse: 03 Mouse ID : Response 03 if microsoft scrolling mouse Host: E8 Set Resolution Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: 03 8 counts/mm Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: E6 Set scaling 1:1 Dev: FA Acknowledge Host: F3 Set Sample Rate Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: 28 decimal 40 Mouse: FA Acknowledge Host: F4 Enable device Mouse: FA Acknowledge If I then press the left mouse button: 如果我按了一个鼠标左键 Mouse: 09 00001001 bit0 = Left button state; bit3 = always 1 Mouse: 00 No X-movement Mouse: 00 No Y-movement Mouse: 00 No Z-movement ...and then release the left mouse button button: 然后释放鼠标左键 Mouse: 08 00001000 bit0 = Left button state; bit3 = always 1 第47页共47页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Mouse: 00 No X-movement Mouse: 00 No Y-movement Mouse: 00 No Z-movement After I downloaded/installed the Microsoft's Intellimouse drivers with support for the 4th and 5th buttons, the following sequence was found: 在我下载并安装了微软支持第4和第5键的Intellimouse的驱动后发现了如下序列 ... (starts same as before) ... 开始的部分和前面相同 Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Attempt to Enter Microsoft Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Scrolling Mouse mode. Host: C8 decimal 200 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 64 decimal 100 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 50 decimal 80 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F2 Read Device Type : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Mouse: 03 Mouse ID : Response 03 if microsoft scrolling mouse. Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Attempt to Enter Microsoft 5-button Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Scrolling Mouse mode. Host: C8 decimal 200 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: C8 decimal 200 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F3 Set Sample Rate : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: 50 decimal 80 : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Host: F2 Read Device Type : Mouse: FA Acknowledge : Mouse: 04 Mouse ID : Response 04 if 5-button scrolling mouse. ... rest of initialization same as before ... 初始化的剩余部分和前面相同 Emulation/Interfacing: 仿真/接口 第48页共48页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Click here for routines that emulate a PS/2 mouse or keyboard 点击这里获得仿真PS/2鼠标或键盘的例程 Click here for routines that emulate a PS/2 host (ie, interface a mouse/keyboard) 点击这里获得仿真PS/2主机的例程即和鼠标/键盘的接口 Click here for a fully-functional PS/2 mouse written for the PIC16F84. 点击这里获得使用PIC16F84的全功能PS/2鼠标 译者注 所有这些例程全部收录在文章的附录4 5 6中呵呵 If you want to build a truely fully-implemented mouse or host, you should implement all of the features described in this document (except for, of course, the Microsoft Intellimouse extensions, which are optional). However, at an absolute minimum, your device should operate as follows: 如果你要建立一个真正的完全实现的鼠标或主机你应该实现本文描述的所有特征当然除了微软的Intellimouse的扩展因为它是可选的但最骑马你的设备要可以象下面讲的那样操作 To Emulate a Mouse: 要想仿真一个鼠标 Never send data when the \"Clock\" line low. If the host pulls the \"Data\" line low, prepare to read a byte from the host. 绝对不要在时钟线为低的时候发送数据如果主机拉低时钟线就准备从主机读取数据 ~500 milliseconds after powerup, transmit \"0xAA, 0x00\". 上电后500毫秒左右发送0xAA0x00 Wait for the host to send the enable (0xF4) command before sending any movement/button data. 在发送任何位移/按键数据前等待主机发送使能0xF4命令 Emulate the various mouse functions as follows: 要仿真的各种鼠标功能如下 Emulated Action Move up one Move down one Move right one Move left one Press left button Release left button Press middle button Release middle button Press right button Release right button Respond to the \"Reset\" (0xFF) command with \"0xFA\" then goto the beginning of your program. (ie, send 0xAA, 0x00, then wait for the enable command before sending any movement/button data.) 用0xFA回应Reset0xFF命令然后跳转到你程序的开始处即发送0xAA0x00在发送位移数据前等待使能命令 Respond to the \"Get Device ID\" (0xF2) command with \"0xFA, 0x00\". 用0xFA0x00回应获得设备ID0xF2命令 Respond to the \"Status Request\" (0xE9) command with \"0xFA, 0x00, 0x02, 0x64\". 第49页共49页 02-11-22发布 Data sent to host 0x08,0x00,0x01 0x28,0x00,0xFF 0x08,0x01,0x00 0x18,0xFF,0x00 0x09,0x00,0x00 0x08,0x00,0x00 0x0C,0x00,0x00 0x08,0x00,0x00 0x0A,0x00,0x00 0x08,0x00,0x00 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 用0xFA0x000x020x64回应状态请求0xE9命令 Respond to all other commands with acknowledge (0xFA). 用应答0xFA回应所有其他的命令 To Interface a Mouse: 要和鼠标接口 Wait for the mouse to send \"0xAA\ 等待鼠标发送0xAA后然后发送使能0xF4命令 The mouse will then send a 3-byte movement packets as described earlier in this document. 然后鼠标将发送本文前面描述的那种3字节的位移数据包 Footnotes: 脚注 1) 2:1 scaling only applies to the automatic data reporting in Stream mode. It does not effect the reported data sent in response to the \"Read Data\" (0xEB) command. 21比例仅适用于Stream模式的自动数据报告中对于回应Read Data0xEB命令的报告数据是无效的 2) The mouse and host do not buffer \"Resend\" (0xFF) commands. This means \"0xFE\" will never be sent in response to the \"Resend\" command. 鼠标和主机不缓冲Resend0xFF命令这意味着0xFE绝不会作为Resend命令的回应来发送 3) A \"packet\" may be a 3-byte movement data packet, a 4-byte movement data packet (for the Intellimouse), a 3-byte status packet (see \"Status Request\" [0xE9] command) a 2-byte completion-code-ID packet (0xAA,0x00 or 0xFC,0x00), or a 1-byte response to a command. 一个数据包可以是3字节的位移数据包或4字节的位移数据包Intellimouse的或3字节的状态包键Status Request0xE9命令或2字节的完成代码ID包0xAA0x00或0xFC0x00或1字节的命令回应 4) A little advice from my own experience... Even though bit 3 of the first byte in a movement data packet is supposed to be set, some drivers (such as the standard PS/2 mouse driver included with Windows 98SE) don't care and just ignore that bit. However, other drivers do check that bit and if it is not set, it is considered an error. I mention this so that, if you're designing a mouse, you double-check that this bit is set in every movement data packet sent by your mouse. If it is not, your mouse may work properly when you test it on your computer, but it may not work on other computers that use different mouse drivers. 我自己经验的一点小建议即使位移数据包中首字节的第3位被设置了某些驱动诸如标准PS/2鼠标驱动包括windows98SE的并不关心且指示忽略掉这一位但是其他驱动可能会检查这一位是否设置了如果没设置则认为是一个错误我提及这点的意思是如果你设计一个鼠标你要检查由你的鼠标发送出来的每个位移数据包中这一位是否被设置了如果没有那么你的鼠标在你计算机上测试时可能工作得很好而到别的使用不同鼠标驱动的计算机上就不工作了 For example, if using MS Intellimouse drivers and bit 3 of the first byte in a movement data packet is not set, the driver will discard that packet, then send the \"Disable Data Reporting\" (0xF5) command, followed by the 第50页共50页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show \"Set Defaults\" (0xF6) command, then it will reinitialize the mouse using the same command sequence as it does when Windows boots up (see the \"Initialization\" section above.) 例如如果使用MS Intellimouse驱动位移数据包中首字节的第3位没有设置驱动程序将丢弃这个包然后发送Disable Data Reporting0xF5命令跟着是Set Defaults0xF6windows启动时相同的命令序列重新初始化鼠标见上面的初始化部分 Other Sources / References: 其他资源/参考 Holtek - Informative datasheets on many different PS/2 mice (and other peripherals). EMC - More inormative datasheets on many different PS/2 mice (and an ADB mouse). Synaptics Touchpad Interfacing Guide -Very informative! More links - Many more links to related information. 第51页共51页 命令然后使用02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录一 第一套键盘扫描码 *所有的值都是十六进制的 101102和104键的键盘 KEY A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MAKE 1E 30 2E 20 12 21 22 23 17 24 25 26 32 31 18 19 10 13 1F 14 16 2F 11 2D 15 2C 0B 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 BREAK 9E B0 AE A0 92 A1 A2 A3 97 A4 A5 A6 B2 B1 98 99 19 93 9F 94 96 AF 91 AD 95 AC 8B 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 KEY 9 ` - = \\ BKSP SPACE TAB CAPS L SHFT L CTRL L GUI L ALT R SHFT R CTRL R GUI R ALT APPS ENTER ESC F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 PRNT SCRN SCROLL PAUSE MAKE 0A 29 0C 0D 2B 0E 39 0F 3A 2A 1D E0,5B 38 36 E0,1D E0,5C E0,38 E0,5D 1C 01 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 57 58 E0,2A, E0,37 46 E1,1D,45 E1,9D,C5 BREAK 8A 89 8C 8D AB 8E B9 8F BA AA 9D E0,DB B8 B6 E0,9D E0,DC E0,B8 E0,DD 9C 81 BB BC BD BE BF C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 D7 D8 E0,B7, E0,AA C6 -NONE- KEY [ INSERT HOME PG UP DELETE END PG DN L ARROW MAKE 1A E0,52 E0,47 E0,49 E0,53 E0,4F E0,51 E0,4B BREAK 9A E0,D2 E0,97 E0,C9 E0,D3 E0,CF E0,D1 E0,C8 E0,CB E0,D0 E0,CD C5 E0,B5 B7 CA CE E0,9C D3 D2 CF D0 D1 CB CC CD C7 C8 C9 9B A7 A8 B3 B4 B5 U ARROW E0,48 D ARROW E0,50 R ARROW E0,4D NUM KP / KP * KP - KP + KP EN KP . KP 0 KP 1 KP 2 KP 3 KP 4 KP 5 KP 6 KP 7 KP 8 KP 9 ] ; ' , . / 45 E0,35 37 4A 4E E0,1C 53 52 4F 50 51 4B 4C 4D 47 48 49 1B 27 28 33 34 35 第52页共52页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 Make Code E0, 5E E0, 5F E0, 63 著Adam Chapweske译Break Code E0, DE E0, DF E0, E3 Roy Show ACPI 扫描码 Key Power Sleep Wake Windows多媒体扫描码 Key Next Track Previous Track Stop Play/Pause Mute Volume Up Volume Down Media Select E-Mail Calculator My Computer WWW Search WWW Home WWW Back WWW Forward WWW Stop WWW Refresh WWW Favorites Make Code E0, 19 E0, 10 E0, 24 E0, 22 E0, 20 E0, 30 E0, 2E E0, 6D E0, 6C E0, 21 E0, 6B E0, 65 E0, 32 E0, 6A E0, 69 E0, 68 E0, 67 E0, 66 Break Code E0, 99 E0, 90 E0, A4 E0, A2 E0, A0 E0, B0 E0, AE E0, ED E0, EC E0, A1 E0, EB E0, E5 E0, B2 E0, EA E0, E9 E0, E8 E0, E7 E0, E6 第53页共53页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录二 第二套键盘扫描码 *所有的值都是十六进制的 101102和104键的键盘 KEY MAKE BREAK KEY MAKE BREAK KEY MAKE BREAK A 1C F0,1C 9 46 F0,46 [ 54 FO,54 B 32 F0,32 ` 0E F0,0E INSERT E0,70 E0,F0,70 C 21 F0,21 - 4E F0,4E HOME E0,6C E0,F0,6C D 23 F0,23 55 FO,55 PG UP E0,7D E0,F0,7D E 24 F0,24 \\ 5D F0,5D DELETE E0,71 E0,F0,71 F 2B F0,2B BKSP 66 F0,66 END E0,69 E0,F0,69 G 34 F0,34 SPACE 29 F0,29 PG DN E0,7A E0,F0,7A H 33 F0,33 TAB 0D F0,0D U ARROW E0,75 E0,F0,75 I 43 F0,43 CAPS 58 F0,58 L ARROW E0,6B E0,F0,6B J 3B F0,3B L SHFT 12 FO,12 D ARROW E0,72 E0,F0,72 K 42 F0,42 L CTRL 14 FO,14 R ARROW E0,74 E0,F0,74 L 4B F0,4B L GUI E0,1F E0,F0,1F NUM 77 F0,77 M O P Q 3A 44 4D 15 F0,3A F0,44 F0,4D F0,15 L ALT R CTRL R GUI R ALT 11 E0,14 E0,27 E0,11 F0,11 E0,F0,14 E0,F0,27 E0,F0,11 KP / KP - KP + KP EN E0,4A 7B 79 E0,5A E0,F0,4A F0,7B F0,79 E0,F0,5A N 31 F0,31 R SHFT 59 F0,59 KP * 7C F0,7C R 2D F0,2D APPS E0,2F E0,F0,2F KP . 71 F0,71 =S 1B F0,1B ENTER 5A F0,5A KP 0 70 F0,70 T 2C F0,2C ESC 76 F0,76 KP 1 69 F0,69 U 3C F0,3C F1 05 F0,05 KP 2 72 F0,72 V 2A F0,2A F2 06 F0,06 KP 3 7A F0,7A W 1D F0,1D F3 04 F0,04 KP 4 6B F0,6B X 22 F0,22 F4 0C F0,0C KP 5 73 F0,73 Y 35 F0,35 F5 03 F0,03 KP 6 74 F0,74 Z 1A F0,1A F6 0B F0,0B KP 7 6C F0,6C 0 45 F0,45 F7 83 F0,83 KP 8 75 F0,75 1 16 F0,16 F8 0A F0,0A KP 9 7D F0,7D 2 1E F0,1E F9 01 F0,01 ] 5B F0,5B 3 26 F0,26 F10 09 F0,09 ; 4C F0,4C 4 25 F0,25 F11 78 F0,78 ' 52 F0,52 5 2E F0,2E F12 07 F0,07 , 41 F0,41 PRNT 6 36 F0,36 SCRN E0,12, E0,7C E0,F0, 7C,E0, F0,12 -NONE- . 49 F0,49 7 3D F0,3D SCROLL 7E F0,7E / 4A F0,4A E1,14,77, F0,77 8 3E F0,3E PAUSE E1,F0,14, 第54页共54页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Break Code E0, F0, 37 E0, F0, 3F E0, F0, 5E Roy Show ACPI扫描码 Key Power Sleep Wake Make Code E0, 37 E0, 3F E0, 5E Windows多媒体扫描码 Key Next Track Previous Track Stop Play/Pause Mute Volume Up Volume Down Media Select E-Mail Calculator My Computer WWW Search WWW Home WWW Back WWW Forward WWW Stop WWW Refresh WWW Favorites Make Code E0, 4D E0, 15 E0, 3B E0, 34 E0, 23 E0, 32 E0, 21 E0, 50 E0, 48 E0, 2B E0, 40 E0, 10 E0, 3A E0, 38 E0, 30 E0, 28 E0, 20 E0, 18 Break Code E0, F0, 4D E0, F0, 15 E0, F0, 3B E0, F0, 34 E0, F0, 23 E0, F0, 32 E0, F0, 21 E0, F0, 50 E0, F0, 48 E0, F0, 2B E0, F0, 40 E0, F0, 10 E0, F0, 3A E0, F0, 38 E0, F0, 30 E0, F0, 28 E0, F0, 20 E0, F0, 18 第55页共55页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录三 第三套键盘扫描码 KEY MAKE BREAK KEY MAKE BREAK KEY MAKE BREAK A 1C F0,1C 9 46 F0,46 [ 54 F0,54 B 32 F0,32 ` 0E F0,0E INSERT 67 F0,67 C 21 F0,21 - 4E F0,4E HOME 6E F0,6E D 23 F0,23 55 F0,55 PG UP 6F F0,6F E 24 F0,24 \\ 5C F0,5C DELETE 64 F0,64 F 2B F0,2B BKSP 66 F0,66 END 65 F0,65 G 34 F0,34 SPACE 29 F0,29 PG DN 6D F0,6D H 33 F0,33 TAB 0D F0,0D U ARROW 63 F0,63 I 43 F0,48 CAPS 14 F0,14 L ARROW 61 F0,61 J K M 3B 42 3A F0,3B F0,42 F0,3A L SHFT L CTRL L ALT 12 11 19 F0,12 F0,11 F0,19 D ARROW 60 R ARROW KP / 6A 4A F0,60 F0,6A F0,4A L 4B F0,4B L WIN 8B F0,8B NUM 76 F0,76 N 31 F0,31 R SHFT 59 F0,59 KP * 7E F0,7E O 44 F0,44 R CTRL 58 F0,58 KP - 4E F0,4E P 4D F0,4D R WIN 8C F0,8C KP + 7C F0,7C Q 15 F0,15 R ALT 39 F0,39 KP EN 79 F0,79 R 2D F0,2D APPS 8D F0,8D KP . 71 F0,71 S 1B F0,1B ENTER 5A F0,5A KP 0 70 F0,70 T 2C F0,2C ESC 08 F0,08 KP 1 69 F0,69 U 3C F0,3C F1 07 F0,07 KP 2 72 F0,72 =F2 0F F0,0F V 2A F0,2A KP 3 7A F0,7A W 1D F0,1D F3 17 F0,17 KP 4 6B F0,6B X 22 F0,22 F4 1F F0,1F KP 5 73 F0,73 Y 35 F0,35 F5 27 F0,27 KP 6 74 F0,74 Z 1A F0,1A F6 2F F0,2F KP 7 6C F0,6C 0 45 F0,45 F7 37 F0,37 KP 8 75 F0,75 1 16 F0,16 F8 3F F0,3F KP 9 7D F0,7D 2 1E F0,1E F9 47 F0,47 ] 5B F0,5B 3 26 F0,26 F10 4F F0,4F ; 4C F0,4C 4 25 F0,25 F11 56 F0,56 ' 52 F0,52 5 2E F0,2E F12 5E F0,5E , 41 F0,41 PRNT 6 36 F0,36 SCRN 57 F0,57 . 49 F0,49 7 3D F0,3D SCROLL 5F F0,5F / 4A F0,4A 8 3E F0,3E PAUSE 62 F0,62 第56页共56页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录四 PS/2设备例程 These routines can be used to emulate a PS/2 mouse or keyboard. They were written for a PIC16F84 @ 4.61 MHz +/- 25% (perfect for a 5k/20pF RC oscillator). For more information about the PS/2 mouse, keyboard, and their protocol, check out one of the folowing links: 这个例程可用于仿真PS/2鼠标或键盘适用于PIC16F84振荡频率为4.61MHz +/-25%最好用5k/20pF RC振荡器关于PS/2鼠标键盘及它们的协议检查下列的连接 The AT Keyboard Interface The PS/2 Mouse Interface PS/2 Mouse/Keyboard Protocol 译者注 中文译文的第二章 第三章和第一章 向上翻 Header: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; CLOCK/TIMING INFORMATION: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; ; PS/2 bus clock low time = 40 us +/- 25% (30 us - 50 us) ; PS/2 bus clock high time = 40 us +/- 25% (30 us - 50 us) ; RC osc @ 20pF/5k = 4.61 MHz +/- 25% (3.50 MHz - 5.76 MHz) ; 1 instruction cycle @ 4.61 MHz (RC) = 0.87 us +/- 25% (0.65 us - 1.09 us) ; Optimum PS/2 bus clock low time @4.61MHz = 45.97 instruction cycles ; Actual PS/2 bus clock low time = 46 instruction cycles ; Actual PS/2 bus clock low time @4.61MHz (RC) = 40.0us +/- 25% (30us-50us) ; Actual PS/2 bus clock frequency @461MHz (RC) = 12.5 kHz +/- 25% (10.0kHz-16.7kHz) ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; HEADER: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE \"PS/2 Device Routines\" SUBTITLE \"By Adam Chapweske\" LIST P=16F84 INCLUDE \"p16f84.inc\" RADIX DEC ERRORLEVEL -224, 1 __CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _RC_OSC ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; DEFINES: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #DEFINE DATA PORTB, 7 #DEFINE CLOCK PORTB, 6 ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; RAM ALLOCATION: 第57页共57页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cblock TEMP0 RECEIVE PARITY COUNTER endc Required Routines & Macros: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; MACROS: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Delay macro Time ;Delay \"Cycles\" instruction cycles if (Time==1) nop exitm endif if (Time==2) goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==3) nop goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==4) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==5) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif if (Time==6) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==7) 第58页共58页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif if (Time%4==0) movlw (Time-4)/4 call Delay_Routine exitm endif if (Time%4==1) movlw (Time-5)/4 call Delay_Routine nop exitm endif if (Time%4==2) movlw (Time-6)/4 call Delay_Routine goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time%4==3) movlw (Time-7)/4 call Delay_Routine goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif endm ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; DELAY: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;Delays 4w+4 cycles (including call,return, and movlw) (0=256) Delay_Routine addlw -1 ;Precise delays used in I/O btfss STATUS, Z goto Delay_Routine return ByteOut: Sends a byte in w to the host. Returns 0xFE if inhibited during transmission. Returns 0xFF if host interrupts to send its own data. Returns 0x00 if byte sent successfully. 第59页共59页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; OUTPUT ONE BYTE: - TIMING IS CRITICAL!!! ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ByteOut movwf TEMP0 InhibitLoop btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto InhibitLoop Delay 50 btfss CLOCK goto InhibitLoop btfss DATA ;Check for request-to-send movlw 0x08 movlw 0x00 ByteOutLoop movf TEMP0, rrf TEMP0, goto ByteOutLoop retlw 0x00 ByteOutEnd BitOut andlw 0x01 retlw 0xFF clrf PARITY movwf COUNTER call BitOut ;Start bit (0) btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd Delay 4 w xorwf PARITY, f call BitOut ;Data bits btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd f decfsz COUNTER, f Delay 2 comf PARITY, w call BitOut ;Parity bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd Delay 5 movlw 0xFF call BitOut ;Stop bit (1) Delay 48 bsf STATUS, RP0 bsf DATA bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 retlw 0xFE bsf STATUS, RP0 第60页共60页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show btfss STATUS, Z bsf DATA btfsc STATUS, Z bcf DATA Delay 21 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 Delay 5 return ByteIn: Reads a byte from the host. Result in \"RECEIVE\" register. Returns 0xFE in w if host aborts transmission. Returns 0xFF in w if framing/parity error detected. Returns 0x00 in w if byte received successfully. ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; READ ONE BYTE: - TIMING IS CRITICAL!!! ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ByteIn btfss CLOCK ;Wait for start bit goto ByteIn btfsc DATA goto ByteIn movlw 0x08 movwf COUNTER clrf PARITY Delay 28 ByteInLoop call BitIn ;Data bits btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE bcf STATUS, C rrf RECEIVE, f iorwf RECEIVE, f xorwf PARITY,f decfsz COUNTER, f goto ByteInLoop Delay 1 call BitIn ;Parity bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE xorwf PARITY, f Delay 5 ByteInLoop1 Delay 1 call BitIn ;Stop bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE 第61页共61页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show xorlw 0x00 btfsc STATUS, Z clrf PARITY btfsc STATUS, Z ;Stop bit = 1? goto ByteInLoop1 ; No--keep clocking. bsf STATUS, RP0 ;Acknowledge bcf DATA Delay 11 bcf CLOCK Delay bsf Delay bsf bcf btfss retlw 0xFF ; No--return Delay retlw 0x00 BitIn Delay bsf bcf Delay bsf bcf Delay btfsc retlw 0x80 retlw 0x00 45 CLOCK 7 DATA STATUS, RP0 PARITY, 7 ;Parity correct? error 45 8 STATUS, RP0 CLOCK 45 CLOCK STATUS, RP0 21 DATA 第62页共62页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录五 PS/2主机例程 These routines can be used to interface a PS/2 mouse or keyboard. 这些例程用于和PS/2鼠标或键盘进行接口 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PS2get: This routine reads a byte from the PS/2 device (keyboard or mouse). Result in w. PS2get call PS2getBit ;Get/ignore the start bit movlw 0x08 ;Load Counter movwf COUNTER PS2getLoop bcf STATUS, C rrf TEMP0, f call PS2getBit ;Read a data bit from the keyboard/mouse iorwf TEMP0, f decfsz COUNTER, f ;Read 8 data bits yet? goto PS2getLoop call PS2getBit ;Get/ignore parity bit. call PS2getBit ;Get/ignore stop bit movf TEMP0, w ;Result in w. return PS2getBit btfss CLOCK ;Make sure clock is high. goto $ - 1 btfsc CLOCK goto $ - 1 goto $ + 1 btfss DATA ;Read data. retlw 0x00 retlw 0x80 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PS2cmd: This routine sends a byte in w to a PS/2 mouse or keyboard. TEMP0, TEMP1, and TEMP2 are general purpose registers. CLOCK and DATA are assigned to port bits, and \"Delay\" is a self-explainatory macro. DATA and CLOCK are held high by setting their I/O pin to input and allowing an external pullup resistor to pull the line high. The lines are brought low by setting the I/O pin to output and writing a \"0\" to the pin. PS2cmd: movwf TEMP0 ;Store to-be-sent byte movlw 0x08 ;Initialize a counter movwf TEMP1 clrf TEMP2 ;Used for parity calc 第63页共63页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show bsf STATUS, RP0 bcf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 bcf CLOCK ;Inhibit communication Delay 100 ;for at least 100 microseconds bsf STATUS, RP0 bcf DATA bcf STATUS, RP0 bcf DATA ;Pull DATA low Delay 5 bsf STATUS, RP0 bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 PS2cmdLoop: movf TEMP0, w xorwf TEMP2, f call PS2cmdBit rrf TEMP0, f decfsz TEMP1, f goto PS2cmdLoop comf TEMP2, w call PS2cmdBit movlw 0x01 call PS2cmdBit btfsc CLOCK ;Wait goto $ - 1 btfss CLOCK goto $ - 1 return PS2cmdBit: btfsc CLOCK goto $ - 1 bsf STATUS, RP0 andlw 0x01 btfss STATUS, Z bsf DATA btfsc STATUS, Z bcf DATA bcf STATUS, RP0 btfss CLOCK goto $ - 1 return ;Release CLOCK ;Parity calc ;Output 8 data bits ;Output parity bit ;Output stop bit (1) for acknowledge ;Wait for CLOCK=low ;Set/Reset DATA line ;Wait for CLOCK=high 第64页共64页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show 附录六 PS/2 \"Access\" Mouse This is a fully-functional PS/2 mouse written for the PIC16F84 microcontroller. It can be adapted to virtually any inputs, which gives the user a lot of flexability in how he/she controls the computer. It was developed to give computer access to people with physical disabilities, but I'm sure you can find many additional uses for this project. 这是一个使用PIC16F84微控制器的全功能的PS/2鼠标它实际上可以适合任何输入这就给了用户巨大的灵活性来控制他们的计算机开发它出来让有残障的人们能访问计算机但我确信你可以为这个工程找到更多额外的用途 Feel free to use the code for non-commercial purposes only. You may distribute the code only if it is unmodified from its orginal form. I do not imply any warrenties or guarantees with this code. Use at your own risk. Enjoy! Click on the following links to get the files: Access Mouse v1.50 - MPASM source code Access Mouse v1.50 - Schematic diagram (jpg) Access Mouse v1.51 - MPASM source code Access Mouse v1.51 - Schematic diagram (jpg) VERSION 1.51: All inputs are active low. Speed is controlled in software by adjusting \"PERIOD\" and \"DISTANCE\" constants. All inputs, including \"Clock\" and \"Data\" may be assigned to any I/O pin. VERSION 1.50: Internal PORTB pullups are enabled and all inputs are active low. All movement/button inputs may be assigned to any pin on PORTB. Speed is controlled by adjusting a variable resistor. An LED indicates the mouse's status. Potientiometer and LED may be assigned to any pin on PORTA. Just to give you an example of how these may be used, if you were to connect a condensor microphone element to a 339 Quad Comparator, then connect the output of the comparator to the left mouse button input pin on the PIC, you will be able to emulate a mouse click by blowing on the microphone. If you find any bugs or have any comments, please send me an email. You may also email me your questions, but I won't have time to respond to most of them. This is a work under progress. Check back every few weeks for updated code and additions to this page. For more information related to this project, try the following links: The PS/2 Mouse Interface PS/2 Mouse/Keyboard Protocol PIC Code/Projects Adam's Micro-Resources Home 第65页共65页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show More Links Access Mouse 1.51版的电路图 Access Mouse 1.51版的软件 比较长的样子 我没有核对 小心 ; PS/2 Mouse Emulator by Adam Chapweske (chap0179@tc.umn.edu) v1.51 ; http://panda.cs.ndsu.nodak.edu/~achapwes/ ; This was written for the PIC16F84 with an RC oscillator @ 20pF/5kohm ; (will work with any oscillator between 3.50 MHz - 5.76 MHz) ; ; FEEL FREE TO USE THIS CODE FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES ONLY. YOU MAY DISTRIBUTE ; THIS CODE ONLY IF IT IS UNMODIFIED FROM ITS ORIGINAL FORM AND IT MUST CONTAIN THIS ; HEADING. I DO NOT IMPLY ANY WARANTEES OR GUARANTEES. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. ENJOY!!! ; ; Copyright 2001, Adam Chapweske ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; CLOCK/TIMING INFORMATION: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; ; PS/2 bus clock low time = 40 us +/- 25% (30 us - 50 us) ; PS/2 bus clock high time = 40 us +/- 25% (30 us - 50 us) ; RC osc @ 20pF/5k = 4.61 MHz +/- 25% (3.50 MHz - 5.76 MHz) ; 1 instruction cycle @ 4.61 MHz (RC) = 0.87 us +/- 25% (0.65 us - 1.09 us) ; Optimum PS/2 bus clock low time @4.61MHz = 45.97 instruction cycles ; Actual PS/2 bus clock low time = 46 instruction cycles ; Actual PS/2 bus clock low time @4.61MHz (RC) = 40.0us +/- 25% (30us-50us) ; Actual PS/2 bus clock frequency @461MHz (RC) = 12.5 kHz +/- 25% (10.0kHz-16.7kHz) ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; HEADER: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TITLE \"PS/2 Mouse Emulator\" SUBTITLE \"Copyright 2001, Adam Chapweske\" 第66页共66页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show LIST P=16F84 INCLUDE \"p16f84.inc\" RADIX DEC ERRORLEVEL -224, 1 __CONFIG _CP_OFF & _WDT_OFF & _XT_OSC ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; DEFINES: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- #DEFINE DATA PORTA, 2 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE CLOCK PORTA, 3 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Yp PORTB, 0 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Yn PORTB, 1 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Xp PORTB, 2 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Xn PORTB, 3 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Bl PORTB, 4 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PS2_Br PORTB, 5 ;May be assigned to any I/O pin #DEFINE PERIOD 20 ;Time between reading of inputs. Min=(osc frequency)/204800 #DEFINE DISTANCE 2 ;Amount by which X/Y counters are incremented/decremented ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; RAM ALLOCATION: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cblock 0x0C TEMP0, TEMP1 RECEIVE, PARITY, COUNTER ;Used in I/O routines REPORT_RATE, RESOLUTION ;Used for responses to status requests FLAGS, XY_FLAGS dBUTTONS ;\"Delta Button States\" X_COUNTER Y_COUNTER endc ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;FLAGS: ; bit 7 -- Always 0 ; bit 6 -- Stream(0)/Remote(1) mode ; bit 5 -- Disable(0)/Enable(1) reporting ; bit 4 -- 1:1(0)/2:1(1) Scaling ; bit 3 -- Always 0 ; bit 2 -- Always 0 ; bit 1 -- Always 0 第67页共67页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ; bit 0 -- Always 0 MODE equ 6 ENABLE equ 5 SCALE equ 4 ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;XY_FLAGS: ; bit 7 -- Y Counter overflow ; bit 6 -- X Counter overflow ; bit 5 -- Y counter sign bit ; bit 4 -- X counter sign bit ; bit 3 -- Always 1 ; bit 2 -- Always 0 (middle button) ; bit 1 -- Previous right button state ; bit 0 -- Previous left button state yOVF equ 7 xOVF equ 6 ySIGN equ 5 xSIGN equ 4 ;dBUTTONS ; bit 7 -- Always 0 ; bit 6 -- Always 0 ; bit 5 -- Always 0 ; bit 4 -- Always 0 ; bit 3 -- Always 0 ; bit 2 -- Always 0 ; bit 1 -- Change in right buton state ; bit 0 -- Change in left button state ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cblock ;Contains to-be-sent packet and last packet sent LENGTH SEND1 SEND2 SEND3 endc ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; MACROS: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;Delay \"Cycles\" instruction cycles 第68页共68页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show Delay macro Time if (Time==1) nop exitm endif if (Time==2) goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==3) nop goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==4) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==5) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif if (Time==6) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time==7) goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif if (Time%4==0) movlw (Time-4)/4 call Delay_us exitm endif if (Time%4==1) movlw (Time-5)/4 call Delay_us 第69页共69页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show nop exitm endif if (Time%4==2) movlw (Time-6)/4 call Delay_us goto $ + 1 exitm endif if (Time%4==3) movlw (Time-7)/4 call Delay_us goto $ + 1 nop exitm endif endm ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; ORG 0x000: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- org 0x000 goto Start ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; HANDLE COMMAND: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- if (high Table1End != 0) ERROR \"Command handler table must be in low memory page\" endif Command movlw 0x04 ;Test for a resolution value subwf RECEIVE, w bnc SetResolution movlw 0xC8 ;Test for report rate value subwf RECEIVE, w bnc SetReportRate movlw 0xE6 ;0xE6 is lowest code subwf RECEIVE, w bnc MainLoop HandlerTable addwf PCL, f ;Add offset goto Mouse_E6 ;0xE6 - Set Scaling 1:1 goto Mouse_E7 ;0xE7 - Set Scaling 2:1 goto MainLoop ;0xE8 - Set Resolution goto Mouse_E9 ;0xE9 - Status Request 第70页共70页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show goto Mouse_EA ;0xEA - Set Stream Mode goto Report ;0xEB - Read Data goto MainLoop ;0xEC - Reset Wrap Mode goto MainLoop ;0xED - goto WrapMode ;0xEE - Set Wrap Mode goto MainLoop ;0xEF goto Mouse_F0 ;0xF0 - Set Remote Mode goto MainLoop ;0xF1 goto Mouse_F2 ;0xF2 - Read Device Type goto MainLoop ;0xF3 - Set Report Rate goto Mouse_F4 ;0xF4 - Enable goto Mouse_F5 ;0xF5 - Disable goto Mouse_F6 ;0xF6 - Set Default goto MainLoop ;0xF7 goto MainLoop ;0xF8 goto MainLoop ;0xF9 goto MainLoop ;0xFA goto MainLoop ;0xFB goto MainLoop ;0xFC goto MainLoop ;0xFD goto PacketOut ;0xFE - Resend Table1End goto Reset ;0xFF - Reset ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; START: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Start clrf PORTA clrf PORTB bsf STATUS, RP0 ;(TRISA=TRISB=0xFF by default) movlw 0x57 ;Timer mode, assign max. prescaler, enable pullups movwf OPTION_REG bcf STATUS, RP0 movlw 0x08 ;Bit 3 always = 1, clear previous button states movwf XY_FLAGS ; goto Reset ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Reset Mode: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reset movlw 0xAA movwf SEND1 ;Load BAT completion code call LoadDefaults clrf SEND2 ;Load Device ID (0x00) movlw 0x02 第71页共71页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show movwf LENGTH call BATdelay goto PacketOut ;Output 2-byte \"completion-code, device ID\" packet ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; Stream/Remote Mode: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MainLoop clrf X_COUNTER ;Clear movement counters clrf Y_COUNTER MainLoop1 btfss DATA ;Check for host request-to-send goto PacketIn movlw PERIOD ;Report period subwf TMR0, w btfss STATUS, C ;TMR0report period? goto MainLoop1 ; No--loop clrf TMR0 ; Yes--reset TMR0, then read inputs... call ReadInputs btfsc FLAGS, MODE ;Stream(0)/Remote(1) mode goto MainLoop1 btfss FLAGS, ENABLE = ;Disable(0)/Enable(1) reporting goto MainLoop1 movf X_COUNTER, w ;Test for X-movement iorwf Y_COUNTER, w ;Test for Y-movement iorwf dBUTTONS, w ;Test for change in button states bz MainLoop1 ; goto Report ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; REPORT: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Report movf dBUTTONS, w xorwf XY_FLAGS, f ;Find current button state movf XY_FLAGS, w movwf SEND1 movf X_COUNTER, w movwf SEND2 movf Y_COUNTER, w movwf SEND3 movlw 0x03 ;Movement data report length movwf LENGTH ; goto PacketOut ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; OUTPUT PACKET 第72页共72页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PacketOut movlw SEND1 ;First byte of packet movwf FSR movf LENGTH, w ;Length of packet movwf TEMP1 PacketOutLoop movf INDF, w ;Get data byte call ByteOut ; Output that byte xorlw0xFF ;Test for RTS error bz PacketIn xorlw0xFE ^ 0xFF ;Test for inhibit error bz PacketOut incf FSR, f ;Point to next byte decfsz TEMP1, f goto PacketOutLoop goto MainLoop ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; READ PACKET ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PacketIn call ByteIn xorlw0xFF ;Test for parity/framing error bz Mouse_ERR xorlw0xFE ^ 0xFF ;Test for inhibit error bz MainLoop1 movlw 0xFE ;Test for \"Resend\" command xorwf RECEIVE, w bz PacketOut Acknowledge movlw 0xFA ;Acknowledge call ByteOut goto Command ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; READ INPUTS: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadInputs movlw DISTANCE btfss PS2_Xp ;Read inputs addwf X_COUNTER, f btfss PS2_Yp addwf Y_COUNTER, f btfss PS2_Xn subwf X_COUNTER, f btfss PS2_Yn 第73页共73页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show subwf Y_COUNTER, f bcf XY_FLAGS, xSIGN btfsc X_COUNTER, 7 bsf XY_FLAGS, xSIGN bcf XY_FLAGS, ySIGN btfsc Y_COUNTER, 7 bsf XY_FLAGS, ySIGN movf XY_FLAGS, w ;Get previous button states andlw b'00000111' btfss PS2_Bl ;Find changes in button states xorlwb'00000001' btfss PS2_Br xorlwb'00000010' movwf dBUTTONS ;Save *change* in button state retlw 0x00 ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; WRAP MODE: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WrapMode btfsc DATA ;Wait for RTS goto WrapMode call ByteIn ;Read one byte from host xorlw0xFE ;Test for aborted transmission bz WrapMode movf RECEIVE, w xorlw0xFF ;Test for \"Reset\" command bz Acknowledge xorlw0xFF^0xEC ;Test for \"Reset Wrap Mode\" command bz Acknowledge xorlw0xEC call ByteOut ;Else, echo goto WrapMode ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; LOAD DEFAULT VALUES: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LoadDefaults movlw 100 ;Default report rate movwf REPORT_RATE movlw 0x02 ;Default resolution movwf RESOLUTION clrf FLAGS ;Stream mode, 1:1 scaling, disabled retlw 0x00 第74页共74页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; EMULATE BAT: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BATdelay clrf TEMP0 ;Used for a 400 ms delay at power-on clrf TEMP1 DelayLoop Delay 6 decfsz TEMP0, f goto DelayLoop decfsz TEMP1, f goto DelayLoop retlw 0x00 ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; HANDLE COMMANDS: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SetResolution movf RECEIVE, w movwf RESOLUTION goto MainLoop SetReportRate movf RECEIVE, w movwf REPORT_RATE goto MainLoop ;0xE6 - Set Scaling 1:1 Mouse_E6 bcf FLAGS, SCALE goto MainLoop ;0xE7 - Set Scaling 2:1 Mouse_E7 bsf FLAGS, SCALE goto MainLoop ;0xE9 - Status Request Mouse_E9 movf FLAGS, w btfss PS2_Bl iorlw 0x04 btfss PS2_Br iorlw 0x01 movwf SEND1 movf RESOLUTION, w movwf SEND2 movf REPORT_RATE, w movwf SEND3 movlw 0x03 movwf LENGTH 第75页共75页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show goto PacketOut ;0xEA - Set Stream Mode Mouse_EA bcf FLAGS, MODE goto MainLoop ;0xF0 - Set Remote Mode Mouse_F0 bsf FLAGS, MODE goto MainLoop ;0xF2 - Get Device ID Mouse_F2 clrf SEND1 movlw 0x01 movwf LENGTH goto PacketOut ;0xF4 - Enable Reporting Mouse_F4 bsf FLAGS, ENABLE goto MainLoop ;0xF5 - Disable Reporting Mouse_F5 bcf FLAGS, ENABLE goto MainLoop ;0xF6 - Set Default Mouse_F6 call LoadDefaults goto MainLoop ;Invalid command Mouse_ERR movlw 0xFE call ByteOut goto MainLoop ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; OUTPUT ONE BYTE: - TIMING IS CRITICAL!!! ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ByteOut movwf TEMP0 InhibitLoop btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto InhibitLoop Delay 100 ;(50 microsec = 58 clock cycles, min) btfss CLOCK goto InhibitLoop btfss DATA ;Check for request-to-send retlw 0xFF clrf PARITY 第76页共76页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show movlw 0x08 movwf COUNTER movlw 0x00 call BitOut ;Start bit (0) btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd Delay 4 ByteOutLoop movf TEMP0, w xorwf PARITY, f call BitOut ;Data bits btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd rrf TEMP0, f decfsz COUNTER, f goto ByteOutLoop Delay 2 comf PARITY, w call BitOut ;Parity bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit goto ByteOutEnd Delay 5 movlw 0xFF call BitOut ;Stop bit (1) Delay 48 retlw 0x00 ByteOutEnd bsf STATUS, RP0 bsf DATA bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 retlw 0xFE BitOut bsf STATUS, RP0 andlw 0x01 btfss STATUS, Z bsf DATA btfsc STATUS, Z bcf DATA Delay 21 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 Delay 5 return ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 第77页共77页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show ; READ ONE BYTE: (Takes about 1ms) - TIMING IS CRITICAL!!! ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ByteIn btfss CLOCK ;Test for Request-to-send retlw 0xFE btfsc DATA retlw 0xFE movlw 0x08 movwf COUNTER clrf PARITY Delay 28 ByteInLoop call BitIn ;Data bits btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE bcf STATUS, C rrf RECEIVE, f iorwf RECEIVE, f xorwf PARITY,f decfsz COUNTER, f goto ByteInLoop Delay 1 call BitIn ;Parity bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE xorwf PARITY, f Delay 5 ByteInLoop1 Delay 1 call BitIn ;Stop bit btfss CLOCK ;Test for inhibit retlw 0xFE xorlw0x00 btfsc STATUS, Z clrf PARITY btfsc STATUS, Z ;Stop bit = 1? goto ByteInLoop1 ; No--keep clocking. bsf STATUS, RP0 ;Acknowledge bcf DATA Delay 11 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK Delay 7 bsf DATA bcf STATUS, RP0 第78页共78页 02-11-22发布 PS/2技术参考 著Adam Chapweske译Roy Show btfss PARITY, 7 ;Parity correct? retlw 0xFF ; No--return error Delay 45 retlw 0x00 BitIn Delay 8 bsf STATUS, RP0 bcf CLOCK Delay 45 bsf CLOCK bcf STATUS, RP0 Delay 21 btfsc DATA retlw 0x80 retlw 0x00 ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ; DELAY: ;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;Delays 4w+4 cycles (including call,return, and movlw) (0=256) Delay_us addlw -1 ;Precise delays used in I/O btfss STATUS, Z goto Delay_us return end 第79页共79页 02-11-22发布 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容