(2018·浙江，B)
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers’ arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了环境科学家史蒂文·斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法，由此引出了对于塑料袋、纸袋、可重复使用袋的讨论。 24．What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A．Help increase grocery sales. C．Stop things falling off trucks. 答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害，所以D项“据理支持使用塑料袋”正确。
25．What does the underlined word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Bans on plastic bags. B．Effects of city development. C．Headaches caused by garbage. D．Plastic bags hung in trees. 答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。画线单词所在句意为“看到这种‘逆风’，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害”。联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in...”可知，A项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。
26．What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A．They are quite expensive. B．Replacing them can be difficult. C．They are less strong than plastic bags. D．Producing them requires more energy. 答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据题干信息“可重复使用的购物袋的缺点”可定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“...longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”，这种可长期重复使用的购物袋的生产需要更多的能源，故选D项。 27．What is the best title for the text?
B．Recycle the waste material. D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.
A．Plastic，Paper or Neither
B．Industry，Pollution and Environment C．Recycle or Throw Away
D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control 答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了三个方面的内容：塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾”；塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策——用可重复使用的购物袋；环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。
一、题型解读
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：
(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? (2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage?
(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短；针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 二、解题技巧
1．“高度概括”定标题
(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。
(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。
2．文章标题三特点
(1)形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多； (2)短小精悍，精确性强； (3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。
例如：【真题感悟】中第27题，要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。文章对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。
A
(2018·河南六市第一次联考)
In the fall of 1988，I visited many Buddhist temples，but after a while they all began to 9fade from my memories.However，there was one temple that left a great impression in my heart.
It is called the Temple of the Golden Buddha.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.
Back in 1957 a group of monks from a monastery(修道院) had to 5relocate a 1clay Buddha from their temple to a new location.The monastery was to be relocated to make room for the development of a highway.When the crane(吊车) began to lift it，the weight of it was so large that it began to 2crack.What’s more，rain began to fall.The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.
Later that evening the head monk went to check on the Buddha.He shined his flash-light under the oilcloth to see if the Buddha was staying dry.As the light reached the crack，he noticed a little beam shining back and thought it strange.As he took a closer look at this beam of light，he wondered if there might be something underneath the clay.He went to fetch a chisel and hammer
from the monastery and began to chip away at the clay.As he knocked off pieces of clay，the little beam grew brighter and bigger.Many hours of labor went by before the monk stood face to face with the extraordinary solid-gold Buddha.
Historians believe that several hundred years before the head monk’s discovery，the army was about to invade the country.The monks，realizing that their country would soon be attacked，covered their precious golden Buddha with an outer covering of clay in order to keep their treasure from being robbed by the enemy.
Unfortunately，it appears that the enemy killed all the monks，and the well-kept secret of the golden Buddha remained uncovered until the day in 1957.
As I flew home I began to think to myself，“We are all like the clay Buddha covered with a shell of hardness created out of fear，and yet underneath each of us is a ‘golden Buddha’，a ‘golden Christ’，or a ‘golden spirit’，which is our real self.Somewhere along the way，between the ages of two and nine，we begin to cover up our ‘golden spirit’，our natural self.Much like the monk with the hammer and the chisel，our task now is to discover our true spirit once again.”
语篇解读 本文作者通过讲述金佛寺中金佛不同寻常的历史，说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。 1．What made the monks cover the Buddha with a large oilcloth? A．Hiding it from being stolen. B．Protecting it from the rain. C．Protecting it from being damaged. D．Avoiding being seen. 答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段末句可知，修道士们在金佛上盖上一块大油布是为了保护佛像不被雨淋。故选B。
2．Why was the author greatly impressed by the golden Buddha? A．Because he likes it very much. B．Because it differs from others. C．Because of its history.
D．Because of the protection of the monks. 答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段末句及下文的具体介绍可知，这个金佛给作者留下了深刻印
象是因为它的不寻常的历史。故选C。 3．What might be the best title of the passage? A．Visiting Buddhist Temples B．The Golden Buddha C．Protecting Their Country D．Relocating the Buddha 答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。作者通过讲述金佛寺中的金佛出于保护被涂上一层粘土，经雨淋后露出本来面目，揭开了其不同寻常的历史。作者以此说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。“The Golden Buddha(金色的佛)”贯穿全文，适合作为标题。故选B。
4．What advice is given to us according to the passage? A．Covering up ourselves. B．Finding the truth. C．Discovering our true spirit. D．Building up our belief. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“our task now is to discover our true spirit once again”可知，作者建议我们要发现自己真正的精神。故选C。
B
(2018·山东枣庄一模)
3D printing is becoming more and more popular.We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D printers.But can you imagine printing food?
Some scientists are trying to 3revolutionize the dining experience by doing this.They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as common as the microwave oven or blender.
Scientists say that it’ll be quite easy：you simply have to select a 4recipe and put the raw food ‘inks’ into the printer.You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it.This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.
Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment.There would be less need for traditional growing，transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient.For example,6alternative ingredients(原料) such as proteins from algae，beetroot leaves and insects could be 7converted into tasty products.
Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder)．They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.
However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink”.8Likewise，traditional cafes and restaurants might lose business.Also，there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food：is it really possible to get the nutrients we need from food-based inks and gels(凝胶)?
What’s more，cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional and enjoyable activity.It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button.
语篇解读 本文介绍了一项新技术——3D食物打印，它是一种能像打印文件一样把食物“印”出来的技术。 5．Which of the following best describes 3D food printing? A．Quick and popular. B．Easy and efficient. C．Nutritious and tasty. D．Soft and convenient. 答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D食物打印很快、很容易就能创造出好吃、有营养的食物。故选B。
6．Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster? A．Traditional food would disappear. B．Many people could lose their jobs. C．It would affect the people’s health. D．We could all eat the same food. 答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段前两句可知，一些人认为3D食物打印在未来将会是一个灾难，因为它会抢人们的饭碗——比如食物的种植、运输、打包工作，故选B。
7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．3D food printing will replace traditional cooking. B．The future of 3D food printing is uncertain. C．It would hurt our tradition of food culture. D．3D food printing would be a failure. 答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，烹饪和聚餐是人类的传统活动，很难想象3D食物打印带来的按钮世界，由此可推知，3D食物打印的应用会破坏我们的传统饮食文化。故选C。 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．3D Food Printing：Coming to the Kitchen B．Can 3D Printing Create Everything? C．3D-Printing Food Will Be in Fashion! D．The Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing 答案 A
解析 标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知本文讲述了一项新技术——即将进入厨房的3D食物打印。故选A。
Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破
(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思
1．The aged walls are made out of clay from the earth and wood.黏土
2．A gas main had a crack under my neighbour’s garage and gas had seeped into our homes.裂缝 3．Over the past forty years，plastics have revolutionized the way we live.彻底改变 4．It’s her turn to cook this evening so she looks up a recipe for tomato soup on the Internet.菜谱
(二)同义词语替换
5．If the company was to relocate，most employees would move.remove 6．He said there is no alternative for him but to maintain order under any circumstances.choice 7．You can use these transformations to convert the data from one model to another.transform/shift 8．The fish were delicious. Likewise，the eggplant was excellent.Similarly (三)一词多义
9．fade褪色；枯萎，凋谢；(逐渐)消失
(1)All memory of the childhood faded from her mind.(逐渐)消失 (2)Coloured cloth often fades when it is washed.褪色
(3)The roses he planted in the garden faded after three days.枯萎，凋谢 Ⅱ.长难句理解
1．After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.
[句式分析] 本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分I walked over to a glass case是简单句的主谓结构；After walking around it and taking some photos是时间状语；next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art是定语从句，修饰a glass case；describing the history of this magnificent piece of art为现在分词作定语，修饰a typewritten page。
[精美译文] 围着它走了几圈并拍了几张照片以后，我走向一个玻璃箱子，在它的旁边是一张打印的纸张，描述了这件壮丽的艺术品的历史。
2．They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.
[句式分析] 本句话是一个复合句，主句是简单句的主谓宾结构；so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them为目的状语从句。
[精美译文] 他们给打印机输入程序，让它打印出较软的食物，以便他们吞咽的时候没有困难。
专题强化练(二十三)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2018·安徽安庆二模)
Cakan is a successful businessman from Montenegro，who has earned himself nicknames(昵称) like “the best boss” and “Brother” by being surprisingly generous to his employees.
Cakan，who owns “Cakan Sports”，the largest sporting goods store chain in Montenegro，has been making news headlines for years，but not for his professional success.He is best known for the generosity he shows to his faithful and hard-working employees.The businessman firmly believes that his company can boom only if he keeps his employees happy，and to that end，he has offered the best of them some pretty unbelievable presents.
Cakan first surprised his workers back in 2012，when he offered four of them brand new cars—2 VW Golf 6 and 2 VW polo—complete with paid insurance.They were some of the oldest and most hard-working employees of Cakan Sports，and since the company had recently moved its operations outside the city，Cakan thought his best people shouldn’t have to struggle to get to work.“When we saw them，we were speechless，” Danijela，one of the receivers，remembers.“While the boss was saying ‘this is a gift for you’，all I could think of was ‘this is not real，this can’t be happening to us’．” But this was just one of the generous ways Cakan has rewarded his employees over the years.In 2014，after hearing that one of his workers had been saving up his paychecks so he could buy a ticket to the World Cup soccer final，in Brazil，he took him there himself，at his own expense.
Asked why he doesn’t use a cheaper means of motivating his employees，like a small raise or a cash bonus，Cakan had this to say，“Money comes and goes，but memories are forever.” Asked why many of his employees call him “Brother”，Cakan told a reporter that it was because “brothers always help each other”．
语篇解读 本文作者向人们介绍了一位慷慨、体贴的老板——察坎。 1．What is Cakan best noted for? A．His frequent headline news for years. B．His great success in his business. C．His extreme generosity to his employees. D．His largest sporting goods store chain. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知，察坎以对员工非常的慷慨而著名。故答案为C。 2．Why did Cakan offer his four best workers new cars? A．To make them travel to work easily. B．To reward their creative ideas in work. C．To encourage them to get to work earlier. D．To help them reduce traffic expenses. 答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“Cakan thought his best people shouldn’t have to struggle to get to work”可知，察坎为他最优秀的员工提供汽车是为了让他们轻松地去上班。由此可知答案为A。
3．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．A Smart Businessman B．A Considerate Employer C．Hardworking Employees D．Unbelievable Presents 答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据第一段及下文内容可知，本文叙述的是一位慷慨、体贴的老板——察坎。故“A Considerate Employer(一位体贴的老板)”作本文标题最佳。
B
(2018·山东淄博一模)
The Detroit Symphony Orchestra will be performing works by Georges Bizet on Friday morning.You might enjoy classical music and like to attend the performance，but live far away from America’s Motor City.
On Saturday，the GoGo group Curtis Johnson is performing at the Kennedy Center in Washington D．C.If you live overseas，going to that show is probably out of the question. But there is a solution! These and other concerts are available “live” on the Internet.You can hear them in real time with an electronic device.
Both performances will be available on the World Wide Web.They are part of a growing number of concerts broadcast on computers，tablets and smart phones.These digital concerts are known as live-streaming.
Technology expert Michael Antonoff says better and less costly equipment is making it easier for performers and theaters to offer music “live” online.“The quality of the sound and video pictures are improving all the time，”he says.“Those online concerts now have as many as 40,000 viewers per show.People in 100 nations are watching.It is a huge part of our increasing global reach.”
“For international performers，Kennedy Center officials see a jump in online viewership from the home countries of the performer.There is hometown pride when an artist is performing at one of America’s best-known concerts，” says the Kennedy Center’s Garth Ross.At a recent Kennedy Center concert，a performer said he was so happy that his disabled mother back in California could watch his performance.
“It is not just music being streamed on the web.On December 10，the producer of musical ‘Daddy Long Legs’ put the show on the web free of charge.It was the first live webcast of a New York musical.Over 150,000 people from 135 nations watched，” producer Ken Davenport said.In other words，it would take his musical 2.7 years of sold-out performances to draw that many people.
语篇解读 文章主要讲述了美国音乐会接入互联网全球直播，让更多的观众欣赏到了表演。 4．Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “out of the question” in Paragraph 2?
A．Impossible. C．Exciting. 答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“If you live overseas，going to that show is probably out of the question.”和第三段“But there is a solution! These and other concerts are available ‘live’ on the Internet.You can hear them in real time with an electronic device.”可知，going to that show is probably out of the question的意思是：去看现场表演是不可能的。故选A。 5．What results from the improvement of equipment? A．The equipment is becoming more expensive. B．Few people like watching performances at spot. C．People can watch digital concerts free of charge. D．More and more people enjoy the performances online. 答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“better and less costly equipment is making it easier for performers and theaters to offer music ‘live’ online.‘The quality of the sound and video pictures are improving all the time，’he says.Those online concerts now have as many as 40,000 viewers per show”可知，设备的改进使越来越多的人喜欢看网上的表演。故选D。 6．How do the international artists feel about their performances? A．Proud. C．Relaxed. 答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“There is hometown pride when an artist is performing at one of America’s best-known concerts”可知，国际艺术家因为他们的表演而感到自豪。故选
B．Anxious. D．Stressed. B．Easy. D．Concerning.
A。
7．What is the best title for the text? A．A Solution to Live Concert Problems B．Detroit Symphony Orchestra’s Performance C．American Concerts Available Worldwide D．Development of Music Electronic Device 答案 C
解析 标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了美国音乐会接入互联网全球直播，让更多的观众欣赏到表演。故C为最佳标题。 Ⅱ.七选五
(2018·东北三省三校一联)
Many students want to learn English well，but don’t know where to start.Here is some advice.
Before you begin (or go back to) studying English，ask yourself：Why do you want to study English？ 8 Like every decision in life，studying English must be something you want to do.
If you know why you want to study，setting goals is easy.For example，maybe you want to travel to an English-speaking country.Great! Your goal might be to learn“Survival English”．_9_ Then，you may also ask yourself how long you need to study to achieve your goals.This answer is different for every student. 10 If you work 60 hours per week，don’t plan on spending another 40 hours a week studying English.Start off slowly，but study regularly.Use material that is challenging，but not too difficult.
11 Do you study best at night，or on the bus on your way to work？Do you like to study alone in a quiet place，or with friends and background music？After you have studied for a few weeks，adjust your study plan accordingly.
It’s generally accepted that 12 .If you aren’t having fun learning English，you are not studying the right way！You can be a serious student who has fun at the same time.Make up your own rewards programme to give yourself encouragement to stay on task. A．It is wise to make a timetable. B．The important thing is to be realistic. C．It’s better to find out what works for you. D．learning English is interesting and rewarding E．Whatever your goals are，work hard on them.
F．the things we do best in life are the things we enjoy doing
G．Is it because you want to，or because someone else wants you to? 语篇解读 本文介绍了一些学好英语的建议。 8．答案 G
解析 根据上句：你为什么想学英语？再根据空格下句：就像生活中的每一个决定一样，学习英语一定是你想做的事情。可知此空要表达的意思应该是：是因为你想要学习，还是因为别人想要你学习？故选G。 9．答案 E
解析 根据第三段首句中的“setting goals is easy”以及第四段首句：然后，你可能也会问自己，为了实现目标，你需要学习多久。可知，无论你的目标是什么，都要努力工作。故选E。 10．答案 B
解析 根据上句：每个学生的答案都是不同的。再根据空格下句：如果你每周工作60个小时，不要计划每周花40个小时学习英语。起步要慢，但要有规律地学习。可知，重要的是要现实一点。故选B。 11．答案 C
解析 根据下文：你是在晚上学习最好还是在上班路上的公共汽车上？你喜欢独自在安静的地方学习，还是喜欢和朋友一起伴着背景音乐学习？可知空处的意思是：最好是找出适合你的方法。故选C。 12．答案 F
解析 根据下句：如果你没有学习英语的乐趣，那你就没有用正确的学习方法！可知此处的意思是：我们在生活中做得最好的事情就是我们喜欢做的事情。故选F。
Ⅲ.短文改错
Ted，a British boy，along with his parents were invited to visit a Chinese calligraphy exhibition in London on last Saturday.They were exciting to have such a good chance to have a close look at the traditional Chinese culture.On the show they enjoyed various fine work with great admiration.To their joy，they saw some Chinese artists giving live performances with brush pens.Ted couldn’t help approach an elderly Chinese artist，which was writing attentively with a big brush pen.Ted watched with great interest but asked the artist to show her how to use the brush pen.The artist agreed and gave him some instructions patiently.Then Ted couldn’t wait to have try.He admit he was deeply attracted by the Chinese calligraphy.
答案
Ted，a British boy，along with his parents exhibition in London on last Saturday.They were
were
invited to visit a Chinese calligraphy was
exciting
to have such a good chance to have a
excited
work
with works
close look at the traditional Chinese culture.On the show they enjoyed various fine
great admiration.To their joy，they saw some Chinese artists giving live performances with brush pens.Ted couldn’t help
approachwhich
an elderly Chinese artist， was writing attentively
approachingwho
buther
asked the artist to show how to use andhim
with a big brush pen.Ted watched with great interest
the brush pen.The artist agreed and gave him some instructions patiently.Then Ted couldn’t wait admit∧
to have a try.He he was deeply attracted by the Chinese calligraphy.
admitted
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