Unit 3 TEXT A
New words
campus n.
[C, U] the land and buildings of a university or college （大学或学院的）校园
All freshman students live on campus. When they are in their second year at college, they may live off campus. 所有大学一年级的学生都住在校园里。大学二年级时，他们可以住在校外。
transform vt.
completely change the appearance, form, or character of sth. or sb., esp. in a way that improves it 使改观；使变形；使转化
The president of the university said that they were trying their best to transform their university into a top school in the country. 这个大学的校长表示，他们正竭尽全力把他们的学校建设成为全国的一流大学。
fleet n.
[C] a group of vehicles, planes, boats, or trains, esp. when they are owned by one organization or person 车队；机群；船队
Survivors were taken to a hospital in a fleet of ambulances. 幸存者被救护车队送往医院。 FedEx has a fleet of trucks. 联邦快递有卡车车队。
typical a.
like most things of the same type 典型的；有代表性的
Notice the sentences in the text that are relatively long, which is typical of a news report. 注意这篇文章中的句子比较长，这在新闻报道中是很典型的。
access n.
[U] the right or opportunity to have or use sth. that will bring you benefits 享用权；享用机会
Students and faculty in the university have free access to the computer lab. 大学的学生和教职员工可以免费使用那个机房。
Access to up-to-date information is essential to our research. 利用最新信息对我们的研究至关重要。
accessible a.
easy to obtain or use 易得到的；易使用的
He has made some attempts to make opera accessible to a wider public. 他作了一些尝试，想让歌剧能有更多的受众。
response n.
1 [C] sth. that is said or written as a reply 回答；答复
We wrote to the manager to complain about the poor service, but received no response yet. 我们给经理写信投诉服务差，但还没得到回复。
2 [C, U] sth. that is done as a reaction to sth. that has happened or been said 反应；响应
When he heard the news, his response was just a slight shake of the head. 当他听到这个消息的时候，他的反应只是微微地摇了摇头。
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engineering n.
[U] the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines, etc. 工程（设计） She hoped to become an engineer, but her mother wanted her to major in law rather than in engineering. 她希望成为一名工程师，但是她妈妈希望她读法律而不是工科。
dialect n.
[C, U] a form of a language which is spoken only in one area, with words or grammar that are slightly different from other forms of the same language 方言；地方话；土语
He’s been in Shanghai for five years, but he still can’t understand the Shanghai dialect. 他来上海五年了，但还是听不懂上海话。
analyze vt.
(BrE analyse) examine or think about sth. carefully, in order to understand it 分析；剖析
The teacher analyzed our mistakes in order to help us find the causes. 老师分析了我们的错误，以帮助我们找到出错的原因。
script n.
[C] the written words of a play, film, television program, speech, etc. （戏剧、电影、电视节目、演讲等的）剧本，手稿
You can’t read your script when you are attending a speech contest. 参加演讲比赛的时候，你不能读演讲稿。
device n. [C]
1 a machine or tool that does a special job 设备；仪器；装置
She invented a device that automatically closes windows when it rains. 她发明了一种下雨时能自动关窗的装置。
2 a special way of doing sth. that makes it easier to do （使做某事更容易一些的）特殊方法，手段 Testing yourself with information on cards is a useful device for studying. 用卡片上的信息进行自我测试是一种有效的学习方法。
sophisticated a.
1 having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion, etc. 见多识广的；老练的；有鉴赏力的
Her extensive social experience is what makes her so sophisticated. 正是她丰富的社会经验使她变得很老练。
2 complicated and advanced in design 复杂的；精密的；尖端的
This sophisticated technology has won praise from customers at home and abroad. 这项尖端的技术赢得了国内外消费者的一致好评。
undergraduate n.
[C] a student who is studying for a first degree at a college or university （在读的）大学（本科）生
She majored in accounting when she was an undergraduate student. 她读本科时学的是会计。
adopt vt.
1 decide to start using a particular idea, plan, or method 采用；采纳；采取
2
If you want to improve your situation, you must adopt a positive attitude. 如果你想改善你的处境，你必须采取积极的态度。
2 take sb. else’s child into your home and legally become its parent 收养；领养
He is heartbroken over this earthquake and he would like to adopt an orphan from the area. 这次地震让他感到心碎，他想从这个地区收养一名孤儿。 indispensable a.
difficult or impossible to exist or do sth. without 不可缺少的；必不可少的
Good dictionaries are indispensable in English learning. 对英语学习来说，好词典是必不可少的。 She is indispensable to the project; without her involvement we could not continue our work. 她对这个项目来说不可或缺，没有她的参与我们就无法继续工作了。
outline n.
1 [C, U] the main ideas or facts about sth., without the details 纲要；梗概；要点
Just tell me the outline of the story now. Tell me the details later. 现在只需要告诉我这个故事的梗概，之后再告诉我细节。
2 [C] a line around the edge of sth. which shows its shape 外形；轮廓 The outlines of animals were cut into the rock. 动物的外形被刻在岩石上。
regulate vt.
1 control an activity or process, esp. by rules 控制；管理
Legal and economic measures should be taken to regulate the food industry. 必须采取法律和经济手段来管理食品行业。
2 make a machine or your body work at a particular speed, temperature, etc. 调整；校准；调节 Can you regulate the pace of this watch so that it keeps good time? 你能不能调一下这块表，让它走得准一些？
bubble n. [C]
1 a structure that is round like a bubble 泡状物
The new building looks like a bubble. Actually, it is a huge round building with everything in it, including stores, restaurants, and movie theaters. 这个新建筑看上去像个大气泡。其实，它是个巨大的圆形建筑物，里面什么都有，包括商店、饭店和电影院。 2 a ball of air or gas in liquid （液体中的）气泡，泡沫
As water begins to boil, bubbles rise fast to the surface. 当水开始沸腾的时候，气泡会很快地升到水面上。
budget n.
[C] the money that is available to an organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent 预算 They are preparing the company’s advertising budget for next year. 他们正在做公司明年的广告预算。
estimate vt.
try to judge the value, size, speed, cost, etc. of sth., without calculating it exactly 估计；估算
With so many variables, it is very difficult to estimate the exact cost of this project. 由于有这么多可变因素，所以很难估算出这个项目的确切成本。
estimated a.
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(of value, size, speed, cost, etc.) calculated roughly 据估计的
The estimated population of this small town is about 15,000. 据估计，这个小镇的人口有1.5万人。
assignment n.
1 [C] a piece of work that a student is asked to do 作业
My literature assignment was to write a critical review of Jane Austin. 我的文学作业是写一篇关于简•奥斯汀的评论。
2 [C, U] a piece of work that is given to sb. as part of their job 任务
Brian has gone to Greece on a special assignment. 布莱恩去希腊执行一项特殊任务。
highway n.
[C] (esp. AmE) a wide main road that joins one town to another 公路
Last night, five cars were involved in an accident on the highway, but it didn’t cause any death. 昨天晚上公路上五辆车发生了车祸，但是没有造成人员死亡。
inferior a.
not good, or not as good as sb. or sth. else 差的；次的
It is stupid to think that women are inferior in intelligence to men. 认为女性的智力不如男性是愚蠢的。
inferiority n.
[U] the fact that sb. or sth. is not as good, important, intelligent, etc. as sb. or sth. else 低人一等；下级；次等
There is no scientific evidence to support claims of racial superiority or inferiority. 没有科学证据证明种族有优劣的说法。
complex n.
[C] an emotional problem in which sb. is unnecessarily anxious about sth. or thinks too much about sth. 情结；夸大的情绪反应
This author expresses her China complex and Chinese cultural consciousness through her writing. 这位作者通过其写作表现她的中国情结和中国文化意识。 a.
consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand 复杂的；难以理解的
Indeed, the stock market is an attractive and relatively complex part of the business world. 的确，股票市场是商业领域中具有吸引力而且较为复杂的一部分。
compensate vi.
change or remove the bad result of sth. 补偿；弥补
Do take care of yourself. Nothing can compensate for the loss of one’s health. 要好好照顾自己，失去了健康什么都无法弥补。 v.
pay sb. money because they have suffered an injury or loss 赔偿
The insurance company will compensate you according to the policy for whatever losses you suffered. 保险公司会按照条例赔偿你的任何损失。
lease vt.
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use a building, car, etc. under a lease 租用；租借
He tried to persuade them to lease him their basement, but he was turned down. 他竭力想说服他们把地下室租给他，但是被拒绝了。 n.
[C] a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car, etc. for a period of time, in return for rent （房子、汽车等的）租约，租契
According to the terms of the lease, the landlord is responsible for repairs. 根据租赁条款，维修由房东负责。
focus n.
[sing.] the thing, person, situation, etc. that people pay special attention to 焦点；重点
In today’s lecture the focus will be on the function of body language in communication. 今天讲座的重点是肢体语言在沟通中的作用。 v.
give special attention to one particular person or thing, or make people do this （把…）集中（于）
Today we’re going to focus on the question of homeless people in downtown areas. 今天我们将把重点放在市中心无家可归者的问题上。
competitive a.
1 relating to competition 竞争的；竞争性的
Advertising is an intensely competitive business. 广告业是一个竞争激烈的行业。
2 determined or trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses 竞争性强的；有竞争力的
To remain competitive in the local market, the quality of our products needs to be improved. 要想保持在当地市场的竞争力，我们的产品质量需要提高。
peer n.
[C, usu. pl.] sb. who is the same age as you, or who has the same type of job, social class, etc. 同龄人；社会地位相同的人
His pleasant personality made him popular among his peers. 他平和的性格使他深受同龄人的喜爱。
It is really stupid of you to smoke because of peer pressure. 你因受到同伴的压力而抽烟，真是太傻了。
pitch n.
1 [sing., U] the level or degree of activity or of sb.’s emotions （活动或情感的）程度，强度，高度 Disagreement reached such a pitch that a fight might break out. 意见分歧非常大，可能会引发争吵。
2 [C] (AmE field) a marked out area of ground on which a sport is played 场地
portable a.
able to be carried or moved easily 手提式的；便携式的；轻便的
Jenny uses a portable music player, so she can take it with her when she is working in the kitchen or in the yard. 詹妮用的是便携式音乐播放器，所以在厨房或者院子里干活的时候，她可以随身携带。
mode
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n. [C]
1 a particular way in which a machine or piece of equipment can operate （机器、设备的）运行方式，状态，模式
To get out of the “auto” mode on the camera, turn the knob to “M”. 要退出相机的“自动”模式，就把按钮转到M。
2 (fml.) a particular way or style of behaving, living, or doing sth. 方式；方法；做法
Jim will have to change his mode of life now that he has high blood pressure. 吉姆有高血压，所以他需要改变自己的生活方式。
loan vt.
1 (also ~ out) (BrE) lend sth. valuable to sb. 把（贵重物品）出借给（某人） He was unwilling to loan his new car to his friends. 他不愿意把新车借给朋友。 2 (AmE) lend sb. sth., esp. money 借给（尤指钱）
Isn’t it foolish to loan money for gambling? 借钱给别人去赌博是不是很愚蠢？ n.
[C] an amount of money that you borrow from a bank, etc. （银行等的）贷款
If you have financial difficulties, you can apply for a student loan. 如果经济上有困难，你可以申请学生贷款。
loaner n.
[C] 借用物
I got a loaner from the garage when my car was being repaired there. 我的车在那家汽车修理厂修理时，我从那里暂借了一辆汽车。
meantime ad.
(also in the ~) in the period of time between now and a future event, or between two events in the past 在此期间；与此同时
After graduation from college, I went on to pursue a master’s degree. In the meantime, all my friends found well-paid jobs. 我大学毕业后继续去读硕士研究生了。与此同时，我的朋友全都找到了收入不错的工作。
amazing a.
very good, esp. in an unexpected way 惊人的；了不起的
It’s amazing that he has mastered the language in such a short period of time. 他在这么短的时间里掌握了这门语言，真是了不起。
The variety of activities on the Internet is broadening at an amazing rate. 网络上的活动正以惊人的速度变得多样化。
solve vt.
find or provide a way of dealing with a problem 解决（问题）
It is wrong to think that money can solve all problems. 认为金钱可以解决一切问题的想法是错误的。
solver n.
[C] 解决问题的人
Jerry is known for being an effective problem-solver and a good decision-maker. 人们都知道杰里是个能有效解决问题和果断作出决定的人。
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intelligent a.
good at thinking clearly and quickly, at understanding difficult ideas and subjects, and at gaining and using knowledge 有智慧的；悟性高的；聪明的
Ann was an intelligent student and capable of passing her exams with ease. 安是个聪明的学生，她能轻而易举地通过考试。
Phrases and expressions
less than interesting/honest/helpful, etc.
not at all interesting, honest, helpful, etc. 一点也没有意思/一点也不诚实/一点也没有帮助等 The management of the college is less than satisfactory. 这个学院的管理不尽如人意。 He was less than enthusiastic about the idea. 他对这个想法一点也不热心。
add to sth.
make a feeling or quality stronger and more noticeable 增加；增添
Her rejection of our request has added to the uncertainty of the situation. 她拒绝了我们的要求，这使得形势更加不确定。
The new rules will add to the cost of the project. 这些新规定将增加项目的成本。
visit with sb.
(AmE) talk socially with sb. 叙谈；闲谈
He is so busy that he hardly has time to visit with his friends. 他忙得几乎没时间和朋友聊天。
take the lead
1 do sth. as an example for others to follow 树立榜样；带头
It is generally acknowledged that e-business will take the lead in this digital Internet economy. 大家普遍认为，电子商务在数字网络经济中会起到领头羊的作用。 2 start winning a race or competition （赛跑或竞赛中）开始领先
The Houston Rockets took the lead for the first time this season. 休斯敦火箭队本赛季首次领先。
account for
1 form, use, or produce a particular amount or part of sth. （在数量或比例上）占，占据
According to the survey, students and children accounted for more than 50% of the visitors to Disneyland last year. 据调查，去年到迪士尼的游客中，学生和儿童的人数占了半数以上。 2 be the reason why sth. exists or happens 是…的原因；引起；导致
The police are trying to find out what accounts for the high rate of crime in this area. 警察正尽力弄清楚该地区犯罪率高的原因。
3 give a satisfactory explanation of why sth. has happened or why you did sth. 解释；说明 Can you account for your activities on that night? 你能说明一下你那晚都有哪些活动吗？
fire off
1 quickly send a message or give instructions 匆忙发出（讯息或指示）
Before you fire off an angry response, listen to me, and the facts might change your view. 在你作出愤怒的回应之前，先听我说。我所讲的事实也许会改变你的看法。 2 shoot with a gun or other weapon 开（枪）；开（炮）
Someone fired off guns right after midnight and that was really scary. 刚过午夜时有人开枪，真是恐怖。
keep up with
1 manage to do as much or as well as other people 跟上；保持同步
Jack’s having trouble keeping up with the rest of class. 杰克很难跟上班里的其他同学。
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2 write to, telephone, or meet a friend regularly, so that you do not forget each other 和（朋友）保持联系
Young people now have more and more means to keep up with their friends. 现在的年轻人可以通过更多的方式和朋友们保持联系。
3 continue to learn about sth. 不断获知（某事的情况）
The manager is trying to keep up with what’ s happening. 经理在努力跟进事态的进展。
at a disadvantage
less likely to succeed than other people or things 处于不利地位的
His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage in the interview. 他不会说英文，所以在面试时处于不利地位。
stand out
1 be much better than other similar people or things 出色
An ordinary advertisement would not stand out in a competitive advertising industry. 一则平淡无奇的广告无法在竞争激烈的广告业中脱颖而出。 2 be very easy to see or notice 显眼；突出
Her long, red hair and bright yellow dress made her stand out in the crowd. 她那长长的红发和鲜黄的裙子使她在人群中很显眼。
set up
start a company, organization, committee, etc. 建立；设立；创立
After he was laid off last year, he set up his own grocery store, and his business is thriving now. 去年下岗后，他开了自己的杂货店，现在他的生意很兴隆。
in large part
mostly, or in most places 多半；在很大程度上；在大多数地方
The state is becoming stronger, thanks in large part to the emergency measures taken to guard against economic collapse. 这个国家正在变得日益强大，这主要归功于采取了预防经济崩溃的紧急措施。
Proper names
Apple (Apple Inc.) 苹果公司（美国一家高科技公司，成立于1976年）
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) 无线局域网
TEXT B
New words
addict n. [C]
1 sb. who is very interested in sth. and spends a lot of time doing it 对…着迷的人
Angela is a real TV addict. She spends all her spare time watching all kinds of TV dramas. 安吉拉是个真正的电视迷。她把所有的闲暇时间都花在看各类电视剧上了。 2 sb. who is unable to stop taking drugs 吸毒上瘾的人
Most heroin addicts are young; most are men, and almost all live in large cities. 多数有海洛因瘾的人是年轻人，其中大多数是男性，而且几乎都生活在大城市里。
addiction
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n. [C,U]
1 a strong desire to do or have sth. regularly 入迷；嗜好
I discovered an addiction to housework which I had never felt before. 我发现自己迷上了做家务，之前我从没有这种爱好。
2 the need to take a harmful drug regularly, without being able to stop （毒）瘾
He is seeking doctor’s help for his problem of drug addiction. 他正在寻求医生的帮助来解决他的毒瘾问题。
Kevin borrowed money to feed his addiction to gambling. 凯文靠借钱来满足他的赌瘾。
positive a.
1 good or useful 好的；积极的
A positive attitude is indispensable for success. 要取得成功，保持积极的态度是必不可少的
Working abroad should be a unique and positive experience for me. 在海外工作对我来说应该会是一段特别而又有益的经历。
2 (never before noun) completely certain 肯定的；确定的
We’ll earn a lot of money from this deal; I’ m positive of that. 我们会从这笔交易中赚一大笔钱，对此我有把握。
enable vt.
make it possible for sb. to do sth., or for sth. to happen 使可能；使发生
Ten years of working and saving money enabled him to afford an apartment of moderate size. 通过十年的工作和省吃俭用，他能买得起一套中等大小的公寓了。
media n.
(the ~) all organizations, such as television, radio, and newspapers, that provide news and
information for the public, or the people who do this work 新闻媒体；传媒；大众传播媒介（总称） The general manager was reluctant to explain the new policy to the media. 总经理不愿向媒体解释这项新政策。
outlet n. [C]
1 television, radio, or publishing company 电视台；电台；出版公司
A media outlet is anything that produces and distributes media, such as a television station, television network, magazine, etc. It’s a collective term. 媒体渠道是指任何产生及传播媒介的事物，比如电视台、电视网、杂志等。它是一个总称。
2 a way of expressing or getting rid of strong feelings （强烈感情的）发泄途径，发泄方法
Racing cars provides these young people with an outlet for their frustrations. 赛车给这些年轻人提供了发泄挫败感的途径。
alternative
a. (only before noun)
1 not traditional 非传统的；另类的
The electricity company is criticized for not developing alternative energy sources. 这家电力公司因未开发非传统能源而受到批评。
2 different from sth. else and able to be used instead of it 供替代的；供选择的
Your plan is not workable; we must come up with an alternative method. 你的计划行不通。我们必须找其他的方法。 n.
[C] sth. that you can choose instead of sth. else 供替代的选择；供选择的东西
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We’re afraid we have no alternative but to report this theft to the police. 我们恐怕别无选择，只有把这起盗窃事件报告给警察。
source n.
[C] a thing, place, activity, etc. that you get sth. from 来源；出处
Many people rely on television as their chief source of information, but young people get
information mainly from the Internet. 许多人把电视作为获得信息的主要来源，但是年轻人主要从互联网上获得信息。
practically ad.
1 (esp. spoken) almost 差不多；几乎
When will you go out and do something? You’ve been spending practically all your time on your computer. 你什么时候能出去做点儿事情呢？你几乎把所有的时间都耗在电脑上了。 2 in a way that is useful, sensible, or practical 实用地；讲究实际地；实际可行地 Our mayor is known for being practically minded. 我们的市长以务实闻名。
negative a.
1 harmful or bad 负面的；有害的；不良的
One study showed drinking coffee before exercise may have a negative impact on the heart. 一项研究表明，在运动之前喝咖啡可能对心脏产生不良影响。 2 expressing disagreement or criticism 不赞成的；反对的
Although many people at the meeting held a negative attitude toward wind power, the speaker insisted that wind power was the best choice for generating power. 虽然许多与会者对风能持否定态度，但是那位发言人坚持认为风能是发电的最佳选择。
3 giving more attention or emphasis to bad possibilities than good ones 消极的
The article presents a rather negative view of professional sports. 这篇文章对职业体育运动持相当消极的看法。
aspect n.
[C] one part of a situation, idea, plan, etc. that has many parts 方面
The most rewarding aspect of learning English is that I can communicate with more people. 学习英语带给我的最大好处是我可以和更多的人交流。
I’m interested in all aspects of an aircraft carrier. 我对航母的各个方面都感兴趣。
epidemic n. [C]
1 a sudden increase in sth. bad or unpleasant that affects many people （坏事的突然）盛行，泛滥
An epidemic of burglaries has hit the area. 该地区的入室盗窃案件已经泛滥成灾。
2 a situation in which a disease spreads very quickly and infects many people （疾病的）传播，流行
The epidemic is getting more serious, so it’s better for everyone to stay at home. 传染病越来越严重了，所以每个人最好都呆在家里。
neglect n. [U]
failure to look after sth. or sb., or the condition of not being looked after 疏忽
He was dismissed by his boss because of his neglect at his job. 他由于玩忽职守而被老板解雇了。 vt.
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fail to do sth. that you should do 疏忽；玩忽；漏做
They never neglected their duties and devoted much of their time to taking care of the orphans. 他们从没有忘记自己的职责，而且他们花了大量的时间照料这些孤儿。
infant n.
[C] (fml.) a baby or very young child 婴儿；幼儿
impact v.
have an effect or influence on sb. or sth. 对…有作用或影响
Without doubt the riots in this area have greatly impacted tourism. 毫无疑问，这个地区的暴乱极大地影响了旅游业。 n.
[C] an effect or influence 作用；影响
The study investigated the impact of soft music on cows to find out if the cows would produce better milk. 这项研究调查了轻柔的音乐对奶牛的影响，目的是为了发现奶牛是否能因此而产出更好的牛奶。
involved a.
1 affected by or included in an activity, event, or situation 受影响的；牵涉在内的；卷入…的
I don’t want to get involved in this argument about who is to blame. 我不想卷入这场该由谁承担责任的争论中。
2 sb. who is involved in sth. takes part in it 参与的
In all, 200 companies are involved in producing the parts that are needed for these aircraft. 一共有200家公司参与生产这些飞机所需要的零部件。
agony n. [C,U]
1 a strong and unpleasant feeling, esp. great worry or sadness 痛苦；煎熬；伤心 She had to go through the agony of leaving her children. 她只好忍痛离开孩子们。 2 great pain 剧痛
After the successful operation, the patient’s agony was gone. 这次成功的手术之后，病人的痛苦解除了。 risk n.
[C, U] the possibility that sth. bad, unpleasant or dangerous might happen 危险（性）；风险 Eating only thoroughly cooked foods will reduce your risk of illness. 只吃完全烧熟的食物会减少你患病的风险。 vt.
do sth. that makes it possible for sth. important or valuable to be destroyed, damaged, or lost 使冒毁坏（或破坏、失去贵重物品）的危险
He had risked his own health to help the sick during the epidemic outbreak. 在流行病爆发期间，他冒着自己健康受损的危险去帮助病人。
concern vt.
1 make sb. feel worried or upset 使担心；使忧虑
It concerned her that her son had developed an addiction to online games. 她儿子玩网络游戏成瘾了，这让她很担心。
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You needn’t concern yourself with the hotel booking. The travel agency will take care of it. 你不用担心订旅馆的事，旅行社会处理的。
2 (never passive) be about a particular subject 涉及，关系到（某一主题）
This report concerns the effects of the new law on ordinary people. 这份报告讲的是这项新法律对普通人的影响。 n.
[U] a feeling of worry about sth. important 忧虑；担心；关切
There is a lot of public concern about environmental pollution and protection. 环境污染和保护引起了公众的广泛关注。
Many people expressed concern over the use of too much chemical fertilizer in agriculture. 很多人对农业生产中过多使用化肥表示担忧。
concerned a.
1 worried about sth. 焦急的；担忧的
Nowadays many people become concerned about issues like world peace, cultural differences, human rights, and the environment. 如今很多人都关心诸如世界和平、文化差异、人权和环境等问题。
2 (not before noun) involved in sth. or affected by it （与某事）有关的，有牵连的
As far as oral English is concerned, practice is still the best way. 就英语口语而言，练习仍然是最好的方法。
discipline n.
1 [U] a way of training sb. so that they learn to control their behavior and obey rules 训练；管教 He built the team with hard training and rigid discipline. 他通过艰苦的训练和严格的纪律打造了这一团队。
2 [U] the ability to control your own behavior, so that you do what you are expected to do 自制力 Working from home requires a good deal of discipline. 在家工作需要具备很强的自制力。
3 [C] an area of knowledge or teaching, esp. one such as history, chemistry, mathematics, etc. that is studied at a university （尤指大学的）专业，科目
She has not yet decided which discipline to pursue at college, but she might study history. 她还没有决定上大学读什么专业，但是她有可能读历史。
structure n. [U]
1 the quality of being organized 条理性
These kids require a lot of structure and stability, for they never received good discipline. 这些孩子需要多多培养条理性和稳定性，因为他们从未接受过良好的管教。
2 the way in which the parts of sth. are organized or arranged into a whole 结构；构造；条理 The company needs to reorganize its management structure, for many people have complained about its disorganization. 这家公司需要重组其管理结构，因为很多人都抱怨其结构混乱。
plunge vi.
1 if a price, rate, etc. plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large number （价格、比率等）暴跌，骤降
As winter comes, temperatures plunge and it turns black at 5 p.m. 随着冬天的来临，气温骤降，下午5点时天就黑了。
Shares have plunged from ￡17 to ￡7. 股票已从17英镑骤跌至7英镑。 2 fall quickly from a high position 迅速落下；跌落
His car plunged off the mountain road in heavy rain. 暴雨中，他的车冲出山间公路，坠落了下去。
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decline vi.
become less or worse 减少；变糟；衰退
When the population pressure on housing declines, prices also decline and the construction industry is weakened. 当人口的住房压力降低时，房价也会下降，建筑业就会遭到削弱。 In this region people’s living standards are declining. 这个地区的人民生活水平在下降。 v.
say politely that you will not accept sth. or do sth. 谢绝；（礼貌地）拒绝
I am afraid I have to decline your invitation because I have been very busy these days. 我恐怕得谢绝你的邀请，因为这些日子我太忙了。 n.
[C, U] a reduction in the amount or quality of sth. （数量的）减少；（质量的）下降
The decline in moral standards has at last captured the attention of average people. 道德水准的下降终于引起了普通大众的注意。
The industry has now fallen into a decline. 这个行业现在已经不景气了。
cease v.
(fml.) stop doing sth. or stop happening 停止；终止；结束
The factory has now ceased production, but it will begin producing a new type of air conditioner next year. 这家工厂现已停产，但是明年将会开始生产一种新型的空调。
imaginary a.
not real, but produced from pictures or ideas in your mind 想象的；虚构的
In the novel the writer creates an imaginary world that is completely different from ours. 作者在小说中创造出一个与我们的世界完全不同的虚构的世界。
attribute v.
(~ sth. to sb./sth.) believe or say that a situation or event is caused by sb.or sth. 把…归因于
Some parents like to attribute their children’ s success to their natural talent. 有些父母喜欢把孩子的成功归因于他们的天赋。
personality n.
[C, U] sb.’s character, esp. the way they behave toward other people 个性；性格
The way in which people react to stress may reveal their personality. 人们对于压力的反应方式能反映他们的性格。
interaction n. [C,U]
1 the activity of talking to other people, working together with them, etc. 交流
If there had been more interaction between you and your parents, your problems would have been solved. 要是你和父母的交流能够更多些，你们的问题早就已经解决了。
2 a process by which two or more things affect each other 相互作用；相互影响
Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply. 价格是通过供需消长而定的。
blog n.
[C] a web page containing information or opinions from a particular person or about a particular subject, to which new information is added regularly 网络日志；博客
release
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n. [U]
1 a situation in which sth. such as a chemical is spread into the area or atmosphere around it （化学物等的）释放
With nuclear power, there is always the fear that there will be a release of harmful radiation. 有了原子能，人们总担心会有害辐射的泄漏。
2 the act of letting sb. leave a place such as a prison or hospital 释放；放出 John has obtained early release from prison. 约翰获准提前出狱。 vt.
1 let a substance flow out 释放，排放（物质）
An explosion can rapidly release a large amount of energy. 爆炸能够迅速释放出巨大的能量。 2 let sb. leave a place where they have been kept 释放；放出
She is expected to be released from hospital today. 她有望今天出院。
The police arrested about 100 workers who were on strike, but most of them were released the next day. 警察逮捕了大约100名罢工工人，但是第二天其中大部分人都被释放了。
endorphin n.
[C, usu. pl.] a chemical produced by your body that reduces pain and can make you feel happier 内啡肽（一种体内生成的化学物质，能止痛并让人更高兴）
essential a.
1 extremely important and necessary 极其重要的；必不可少的
Calcium is essential for the development of healthy teeth and bones. 钙对于牙齿和骨骼的健康发育至关重要。
2 the essential part, quality, or feature of sth. is the most basic one 最基本的；本质的
The essential difference between us is that I take life seriously; however, you don’t. 我们之间本质的区别在于我认真对待生活，而你却不。
sustain vt.
make sth. continue to exist or happen for a period of time 保持；维持；使持续
She managed to sustain everyone’s interest until the end of her speech. 她设法使每个人都保持兴趣，直到她演讲结束。
sustained a.
(only before noun) continuing for a long time 持续的；持久的
We must make sustained efforts to get this task finished this week. 我们必须不懈努力，在本周内完成这项任务。
sustained economic development 持续的经济增长
arouse vt.
cause an emotion or attitude 引起；激起；唤起
Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. 学生组织的职位竞选激起了很多人的热情。
His revolutionary work in linguistics has aroused intense scholarly interest. 他在语言学上创新性的工作激起了学者们的强烈兴趣。
feedback n.
[U] advice, criticism, etc. about how successful or useful sth. is 反馈意见
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We are waiting for feedback from the students’ parents on the new regulation. 我们在等待学生家长对这项新规定的反馈意见。
interact vi.
1 if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together,etc. 交流；交往；互相来往
In large classes, children feel that they cannot interact with the teacher properly. 在人多的班里，孩子们感到不能很好地与教师互动。
2 if one thing interacts with another, or they interact, they affect each other 相互作用；相互影响 Researchers want to know how these gases interact. 研究人员想了解这些气体是如何相互作用的。
gamble v.
risk money or sth. valuable in the hope of winning more if you are lucky or if you guess sth. correctly 打赌；赌博
He likes gambling on the horses, but his wife forbids him to gamble. 他喜欢赌马，但是他妻子不许他赌博。 n.
[sing.] an action or plan that involves risks but will bring important benefits if it is successful 赌博；投机；冒险
It was a big gamble for him to quit the well-paid job and go back to school for further study. 他放弃高薪工作、回到学校继续深造是冒了很大风险的。
gambler n.
[C] 赌徒
I can’t believe Simon has become a terrible gambler. 我真不敢相信西蒙变成了一个可怕的赌徒。
lever n.
[C] a stick or handle on a machine or piece of equipment that you move to operate it 控制杆；操纵杆
rational a.
1 based on reasons rather than emotions 基于理性的；合理的
The board of directors has made rational decisions that balance the needs of all sides. 董事会已经作出了合理的决定，这些决定权衡了各方的需求。
2 thinking about what you do in a calm way, and making sensible and intelligent decisions 有理性的；理智的
Any rational person knows that it is not good to get addicted to the Internet. 任何有理性的人都知道沉溺于网络不好。
spoil vt.
1 have a bad effect on sth. so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful, etc. 毁掉；糟蹋；破坏
Don’t eat chocolate now; it will spoil your appetite for dinner. 现在不要吃巧克力，不然你就没有胃口吃晚餐了。
2 give a child everything they want, or let them do whatever they want, often with the result that they behave badly 宠坏；惯坏；溺爱
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Some parents spoil their children so much that they never ask them to help with the housework. 有些家长太溺爱孩子了，从不要求他们做任何家务。
moderate a.
neither very great or very small in amount, size, strength or degree 中等的；适中的；适度的
You can improve your health through moderate, everyday physical activity. 你可以通过每天适度的健身活动来增进健康。
moderation n.
[U] (fml.) control of your behavior, so that you keep your actions, feelings, habits, etc. within reasonable limits 节制；克制
Researchers recommend moderation in diet and a healthy lifestyle as the key to health. 研究人员建议，有节制的饮食和健康的生活方式是健康的秘诀。
multiple a.
(only before noun) many, or involving many people, things, events, etc. 包括/涉及多个人/物/事件等的；多的；多种的
Multiple means should be taken to establish agricultural production bases. 应当采取多种方式建立农业生产基地。
schedule vt.
(usu. passive) plan for sth. to happen at a particular time 把…安排在；排定
The train was scheduled to arrive at 8:45, but it was 20 minutes late. 火车预定在8:45到达，但是晚点了20分钟。 n.
[C] a plan of activities or events and when they will happen 日程表；计划表；活动安排
The president’s schedule included a visit to a university campus and going to a charity event. 总统的日程包括参观一个大学校园和出席一项慈善活动。
Phrases and expressions
a wealth of sth.
a lot of sth. useful or good 丰富的某物
make use of sth.
use sth. that is available in order to achieve sth. or get an advantage for yourself 利用某物；使用某物
give rise to sth.
make sth. happen or begin, esp. sth. unpleasant or unexpected 引起；导致
Such an incident does give rise to health and safety concerns. 这一事件的确引起人们对健康和安全的关注。
charge sb. with (doing) sth.
accuse sb. formally of a crime so that there can be a trial in a court of law 指控；控告；起诉 The government official was charged with accepting bribes. 那名政府官员被指控收受贿赂。
keep sb. from (doing) sth.
prevent sb. from (doing) sth. 不让某人做某事
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He is a man of determination, so nothing could keep him from carrying out his plan. 他是一个意志坚定的人，没有什么可以阻止他实施他的计划。
care for
look after 照顾；照看
Teach your children how to care for their pets. 教你的孩子如何照顾他们的宠物。
tell of
describe an event or person 描述；叙述
This story tells of a mysterious man living under the sea. 这个故事讲的是一个住在海底的神秘男子。
as well
in addition to sth. or sb. else （除…外）还
Water enters our bodies not just from drinking but from eating as well. 我们的身体不仅通过饮水而且还通过进食来获取水分。
at risk
in a situation where you may be harmed 处境危险；受到威胁
We must stop these rumors; the company’s reputation is at risk. 我们必须制止这些谣传；公司的名誉受到了威胁。
nothing but
only 仅仅；只有；不过
After hearing the great news, for the rest of the day, Frank did nothing but call one friend after another. 听到这个好消息后，弗兰克一整天就只是一个接一个地给朋友们打电话。
Proper names
Las Vegas 拉斯维加斯（美国内华达州东南部城市，以其夜总会和赌场著称）
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