(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)模拟试题含解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Gardeners such as Prince Charles who claim that talking to plants encourages them to grow have long been seen as a little silly. But scientists have discovered evidence which suggests the Royal may actually be right and they could be listening to him. Biologists at Tel Aviv University in Israel have found that flowers can act as a plant's \"ears\" to help them detect the sound of approaching insects.

When the researchers played recordings of flying bees to evening primrose flowers, within three minutes the sugar concentrations in the nectar (花蜜) of its flowers increased. The fluid, produced to attract pollinating (授粉) insects, was on average 20 percent higher in flowers exposed to the buzz compared to those left in silence or exposed to higher pitched sounds. Professor Lilach Hadany, who led the study, said: \"Our results document for the first time that plants can rapidly respond to pollinator sounds in an ecologically relevant way.\"

However, Prof Hadany said a plant's ability to respond to pollinators may be weakened in city environments or beside a busy road. While plants require water, sunlight and the right temperature to grow, it is widely believed they do not have senses in the way animals do. But the study, published on the open-science website BioRxiv, suggests the efforts of gardeners who talk to their plants may not be in vain. \"Plants' ability to hear has implications well beyond pollination—plants could potentially hear and respond to herbivores, other animals, the elements, and possibly other plants,\" Prof Hadany added.

A month-long experiment conducted by the Royal Horticultural Society in 2009 found female voices appear to speed up the growth of tomatoes. The research offers a possible explanation — women's voices were at the right frequency for the plants to hear. （1）What's evening primrose flowers' response to bees' buzz?

A. Longer bloom. B. Sweeter nectar. C. Brighter color. D. Less fluid. （2）Where can plants grow better according to Hadany?

A. On a square. B. Beside a highway. C. In the woods. D. Along the street. （3）What can we infer from the research? A. Prince Charles proves kind of stupid. B. Plants can only potentially hear animals. C. Plants respond to sounds slowly and ecologically. D. Plants gardeners talk to frequently develop well. （4）What does the text mainly talk about?

A. Flowers can hear. B. Bees are best pollinators.

C. Plants can't grow without sound. D. Women's voices improve plants' growth. 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）D （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人与植物的交流可以促其生长。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When the researchers played recordings of flying bees to evening primrose flowers, within three minutes the sugar concentrations in the nectar (花蜜) of its flowers increased.”可知，蜜蜂飞到夜来香花，在三分钟内其花朵花蜜的糖的浓度会增加，所以花蜜会更甜。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“However, Prof Hadany said a plant's ability to respond to pollinators may be weakened in city environments or beside a busy road. ”哈达尼教授认为，植物对传粉者做出反应的能力可能会在城市环境或繁忙道路旁减弱。从而推断可知，在丛林里的植物生长得更好。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But the study, published on the open-science website BioRxiv, suggests the efforts of gardeners who talk to their plants may not be in vain.”研究表明，园丁们和他们的植物交谈的努力可能不会白费。从而推断可知，园丁经常与植物交谈，生长得更好。故选D。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据第一段“Gardeners such as Prince Charles who claim that talking to plants encourages them to grow have long been seen as a little silly. But scientists have discovered evidence which suggests the Royal may actually be right and they could be listening to him. Biologists at Tel Aviv University in Israel have found that flowers can act as a plant's \"ears\" to help them detect the sound of approaching insects.”及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述人与植物的交流可以促其生长。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

2．犇犇阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 The clock always seems to be ticking rather too fast in the doctor's office and the queue of patients outside the door seems to be pressing rather too hard. Some say it's high time for the model of short, sharp one-to-one appointments to give way to shared medical appointments (SMAs共享医疗预约).

SMAs are doctor-patient visits in which a group of patients receive patient education and counseling (咨询), physical examination and medical support in a group setting. Typically SMAs are designed to have one or more doctors attend to a group of patients who share a common illness or medical condition. In contrast to one-to-one visits, SMAS provide a longer appointment time-frame as well as the opportunity for patients to have improved access to their physicians and meanwhile pick up additional information and support from peers.

However, doctors who have pioneered the shared appointment approach report that there are significant challenges involved. Dr. Sumego, director of shared medical appointments, Cleveland Clinic, identifies culture change as the most significant challenge. Physicians and nurses are trained in a model of personal service and privacy; the SMA approach is a fundamental challenge to those fixed ideas. They need shared goals and a way of testing the innovation against agreed standards. Dr. Sumego says, \"The physicians may be worried about the possible chaos and

efficiencies that are marketed. They also have to make the patients understand what their appointment is, and what the expectation is.\"

\"So, if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments, I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians, develop the work-flow and develop some experience. Provide some support behind what that best practice should look like. Create some standards so that, as the concept spreads, you can employ that experience to start the next shared medical appointments and the next.\"

（1）What is the purpose of the SMA approach? A. To improve medical service. B. To promote doctors' reputation. C. To conduct medical research. D. To meet patients' expectation.

（2）According to Dr. Sumego, what prevents the SMA approach from being widely adopted? A. Personal service. B. Fixed ideas. C. Lack of equipment. D. Shared goals. （3）What can the underlined \"buy-in\" in Paragraph 4 be replaced by?

A. practice B. organization C. purchase D. support （4）What can be learned about the SMA approach in the last paragraph? A. It is currently being questioned. B. It is impractical in some areas. C. It will enjoy wide popularity soon. D. It should be carried out step by step. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）A （4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了SMAs (共享医疗预约) 模式，以及这种模式面临的挑战。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“In contrast to one-to-one visits, SMA provide a longer appointment time-frame as well as the opportunity for patients to have improved access to their physicians and meanwhile pick up additional information and support from peers.”可知SMAs模式为患者提供了更长的预约时间，也为患者提供了更好地与医生接触的机会，同时还能从同行那里获得额外的信息和支持。这说明SAMs的出现是为患者提供更好的医疗服务。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Dr. Sumego, director of shared medical appointments, Cleveland Clinic, …… personal service and privacy; the SMA approach is a fundamental challenge to those fixed ideas.”可知Dr. Sumego认为，文化转变是最大的 挑战。医生和护士接受的是针对个人服务和隐私的培训; SMAs方法是对这些固定想法的根本挑战。也就是说，改变这些已经固定的想法是一种挑战，所以这些固定的想法会阻碍SMAs模式的推广，故选B。 （3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments，I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians”

可知如果一个组织要寻求共享医疗模式的话，Dr. Sumego建议他们从一些优秀的医师开始他们的buy-in，根据语境，故选A。

（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“So, if an organization was looking to start shared medical appointments, I would advise them to start the buy-in from a few champion physicians, develop the… appointments and the next.”可知如果一个组织要开始SMAs，Dr. Sumego建议他们从一些优秀的医师开始，开发一些流程，积累一些经验。制定一些标准，以便随着概念的推广，他们可以利用这种经验开始下一次共享医疗预约然后将下次的经验用到下下次。这说明SMAs的实施需要一步一步来，不会一步到位。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

3．犇犇阅读理解

Researchers have found bees can do basic mathematics, in a discovery that deepens our understanding of the relationship between brain size and brain power. Recently, A study conducted by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).

Solving math problems requires a complex level of involving the mental management of numbers, long-term rules and short-term working memory. The finding that even the tiny brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has a possible effect on the future development of Artificial Intelligence, particularly in improving rapid learning.

RMIT's Professor Adrian Dyer said numerical (数字的) operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing. “You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while mentally using skillfully a set of given numbers in your short-term memory,” Dyer said. “On top of this, our bees also used their short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognize plus or minus as abstract concepts.”

The findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition (认知) may be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals than previously suspected.

“If math doesn't require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,” said Dyer.

Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.

Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list. （1）What have the researchers from RMIT University discovered? A. The relationship between brain size and brain power. B. Long-term rules and short term working memory. C. Bees can perform complex arithmetic operations. D. Bees can do basic mathematics.

（2）According to Adrian Dyer, bees' numerical cognition ________. A. requires addition and subtraction two complex processing B. has a possible effect on the future development of AI C. only involves their short-term working memory D. calls for a lot of maths knowledge

（3）What does the finding of the new research suggest? A. Bees can recogize the exact number. B. Arithmetic operations exist in human and bees.

C. Numerical cognition has been found in many more species. D. Some primates, birds and even spiders can add and substract. （4）What can be the best title for the text? A. A Discovery About the Tiny Brain of Bees

B. New Findings About Bees Having Numerical Cogintion C. Numerical Cognition Requires a Complex Level of Processing D. The Relationship Between Brain Size and Brain Power 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在《科学进展》(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).”澳大利亚证明蜜蜂可以做加法和减法等算术运算。”可知，RMIT大学 的 研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“If math doesn't require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,”如果数学不需要一个巨大的大脑，那么在设计中，我们也可能有新的方法来包括长期规则和工作记忆的互动，从而提高人工智能对新问题的快速学习，可知，Adrian Dyer认为，蜜蜂的数字认知对人工智能的未来发展可能有影响。故选B。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.”许多物种都能理解数量之间的差异，并以此来寻找食物、做出决定和解决问题。但是数字认知，比如精确的数字和算术运算，需要更复杂的处理。可知，新研究的发现说明了在更多的物种中发现了数字认知。故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的“Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.”此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚

至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在《科学进展》(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。”故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．犇犇阅读理解

News anchors(主播) must have been reluctant to read out the following news: Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial(人工的) intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday, three months after a male robot joined the profession.

Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading. That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?

To find the answer, we have to analyse the technologies that support Xin at her job. Three key technologies are used to support Xin. First, samples of human voices are collected and synthesized (合成). This is followed by the collection and synthesis of human muscle movement samples. And third the voices and movements are married in a way that when the Al news anchor reads, the micro -electric motors behind her face move to make her expressions seem more human.

Yet we need a thorough knowledge of deep leaning technology to make a robot imitate a person's voice. The developer needs to collect tens of thousands of pieces of pronunciations, input them into the machine and match them with the text or the Al to lean and read. The process for imitating facial movements is similar. The developer has to analyse the movements of the 53 muscles in the human face, make a model set from the collected data for the AI news anchor to lean, and imitate the movements of facial muscles via programs

Both the technologies used to make Xin's performance impressive are mature. The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don't always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human. Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.

（1）What does the underlined word \"reluctant \"in the first paragraph mean? A. Delighted. B. Unwilling. C. Confused. D. Optimistic. （2）What can we infer about previous news robots? A. They read news without expressions.

B. They looked like a human being C. They could interview sports stars D. They could interact with audience.

（3）What do we know about the third technology? A. This technology is very perfect so far B. This technology is quite popular now C. This technology remains at the theoretical stage D. This technology is far from mature.

（4）From the last paragraph, we can draw a conclusion that____. A. human news anchors should learn from AT anchors to save their jobs B. Al anchors perform much better than human news anchors at present C. Al news anchors won't replace human news anchors in the near future D. Xin Xiaomeng s expressions vary so naturally that they are true to life 【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）D （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，上周日，新华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位女性人工智能新闻主播，作者介绍了人工智能背后的技术，并指出在不久的将来，人工智能新闻主播不会取代人类新闻主播。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的\"Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial(人工的) intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday\"及第二段中的\"That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?\"可知，担心将来自己的工作会被人工智能取代的新闻主播一定不愿意透露下面这个消息：上周日，新华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位女性人工智能新闻主播，由此可知画线词词义为\"不愿意的\"，故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的\"Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading.\"可知，与以前的机器人主播不同的是，辛晓萌读起来不像一台冷冰冰的机器，就像是一个活生生的人，她读新闻的时候脸上的肌肉能够伸展和放松，面部反应也发生了变化，由此可知，以前的机器人主播读新闻时面无表情，故选A。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don' t always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human.\"可知，真正的难点在于第三技术，使辛晓萌的面部表情根据新闻报道的内容而变化，事实上，辛晓萌的表情不总是随着内容而变化，她的表情一点也不像人类，由此可知，第三技术还远远不够成熟，故选D。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.\"可知，人工智能仍无法与人类素质相匹敌，由此可知，在不久的将来，人工智能新闻主播不

会取代人类新闻主播，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

5．犇犇阅读理解

A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day. Those surprising results appear in the journal Scientific Reports.

Shining iridescent color, which changes depending on the angle from which it's viewed, is favored by everything from birds to beetles and blossoms to butterflies.

\"And in our research group we are of course interested in why this vivid metallic color is so widespread in nature.\" Karin Kjernsmo of the University of Bristol adds that in some cases the showy splashes of light are a sexual strategy. \" Here I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄两性), such as birds of paradise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most likely driven by sexual selection. For example, in many of these cases it is the males that have these vivid iridescent colors and they use them in mate choice or they use them as a signal to attract mates.\" But iridescence also shows up in situations where reproduction is not an issue. \" So what we are studying now is whether natural selection imposed by predation(捕食行为) could explain the occurrence of iridescence in prey animals.\"

The idea that eye-catching colors could be used as a cover-up isn't a new one.\" The father of camouflage theory, Abbott Thayer, really believed that iridescence should be categorized as a camouflage strategy. And he wrote in his famous lifework Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, already in 1909, that 'brilliantly changeable or metallic colors are among the strongest factors in an animal's concealment'. And this sounds like a completely unreasonable thing to say, because how can colors that are both brilliant and changeable contribute to animal's concealment？\"

\"In a similar way, we were asking whether iridescence, due to its changeability, could work as a form of camouflage by preventing shape recognition.\" Kjernsmo and her colleagues trained bumblebees to associate a particular shape—a circle or an oval—with a sugar reward. And they found that the bees, when given a choice, would preferentially visit the shape they knew to be sweet. But when the shapes were iridescent, the bees had trouble telling them apart. \"It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfaces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish.\" As for making use of this method for hiding in plain sight, \"Any practical applications is of course directly linked to any industry that has an interest in camouflage, that is how to conceal objects or make them more difficult to recognize.\" The researchers are currently conducting experiments with birds, which often prey on iridescent insects to see if it helps to have a bird's-eye view.

（1）According to the passage, iridescence is not made use of by animals to ________. A. live a little longer by escaping their predator(捕食者) B. catch the attention of their mates

C. conceal themselves when in danger D. catch sight of more colorful preys （2）From the study in the last paragraph, we can learn that ________. A. Bees can always tell the difference between a circle and an oval B. Bees are creatures that are fascinated by sweet things that are iridescent C. If a circle, with a sugar reward, is iridescent, the bees may have difficulty finding it D. Bees are likely to prefer circles to ovals, whether they are iridescent or not （3）What will be talked about in the following paragraph? A. Whether there are any differences between bees and birds. B. Some industries that have great interest in camouflage. C. Why birds are not effected by iridescent insects. D. Which camouflage theory applies more to birds.

（4）Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage? A. A famous camouflage strategy B. Metallic iridescent as the best disguise C. Colors unique to animals D. Shining colors as a sexual strategy 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了彩虹色有助于生物隐藏。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day.”可知彩虹色被动物用来通过逃离捕食者而活得更久，排除A；根据第三段中的“Here I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄两性), such as birds of paradise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most likely driven by sexual selection.”在这里我想指出的是，在某些物种中，尤其是那些表现出强烈两性差异的物种，比如天堂鸟、孔雀，甚至在某些蝴蝶或鱼类中，彩虹色的出现很可能是由性别选择所驱动的。可知动物用彩虹色引起同伴的注意，排除B；根据倒数第二段中的“The idea that eye­catching colors could be used as a cover­up isn't a new one.”引人注目的颜色可以用来伪装，这种想法并不新鲜，排除C，故选D。

（2）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfaces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish.”似乎我们的目标上惊人的彩虹表面在视觉上打破了原本可以辨认的目标形状，这使得它们很难区分。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段说研究人员目前正在对鸟类进行实验，这些鸟类的饮食中经常含有彩虹色的昆虫。实验目的是看看鸟类的视角是否能提供帮助。由此推断接下来一段会谈论 为什么鸟类不受彩虹色昆虫的影响，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。第一段中的“Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle

predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day.”有时，最好的伪装其实是最耀眼的伪装，因为研究表明，闪光的金属彩虹色能在视觉上迷惑捕食者，这让五颜六色的猎物能够再存活一天，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了彩虹色有助于生物隐藏，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

6．阅读理解

A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia (痴呆) and other limitations live independently in their own homes.

The Robot Activity Support System or RAS, uses sensors installed in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owner to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.

\"RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected,\" said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

Currently, an estimated 50 percent of adults over the age of 85 need assistance with every day activities such as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial strain on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone. RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to incorporate into their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that demonstrates how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.

\"While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising,\" Minor said. \"The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea of what prompts, video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.\" （1）How does RAS serve elderly people?

A. Through sensors. B. Through objects.

C. Through a mobile robot. D. Through their daily activities. （2）What can we know about RAS?

A. It is the first robot used in daily life. B. Its function remains to be tested. C. It can locate people and do any task. D. It can cook for owners on its own. （3）What's Minor's attitude toward the future of RAS?

A. Doubtful. B. Negative. C. Optimistic. D. Uncertain. （4）What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Elderly people leave the nursing home. B. Smart Home Tests first elder-Care robot. C. RAS, the first robot to make home smart. D. Older adults have benefited from RAS. 【答案】 （1）A （2）B （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人，可以帮助那些痴呆或有身体缺陷的老年人在家里过上自立的生活。

（1）考查细节理解。根据章第二段中的“ The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors （传感器）equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities”可知机器人活动支持系统（RAS）使用WSU智能家居中配备的传感器（传感器）来确定其居民在哪里，他们在做什么以及何时需要日常活动的帮助，说明传感器起到了重大的作用，故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance…”可知，这台机器人的表现还要经过进一步的测，说明正在测试阶段，故选B。

（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“ While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising”可知，Minor对这款机器人的未来发展充满信心、非常乐观，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人。再根据最后一段中的“The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance ”可知，机器人目前还在华盛顿州立大学的智能屋里进行测试，故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读理解

NASA has a new job listing, and it's no joke. The US space agency is looking for a \"joker\" to join their planned mission to Mars.

A mission to Mars is no laughing matter. On average, the red planet is 140 million miles (225 million kilometers) away from Earth. A trip there would take around eight months in a small spacecraft. And Mars has a communications delay of 20 minutes. This means that astronauts will have to wait 20 minutes for a reply, when an emergency happens.

\"When you're living with others in a confined space for a long period of time, such as on a mission to Mars, problems are likely to occur,\" Jeffrey Johnson, a scientist at the University of Florida, told The Guardian.

This is probably why NASA wants an astronaut with a sense of humor. \"These are people that have the ability to pull everyone together,\" Johnson said.

In stressful situations, perhaps humor is a way to know we aren't alone. By laughing together, we share our stress. Then we can focus on our jobs instead of just worrying.

There are other examples of team \"clowns\". One example is the journey to the South Pole led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. It was a difficult journey full of danger. Adolf Lindstrom, a cook at Amundsen's team, was a \"clown\". He made people laugh through the whole journey. Amundsen later wrote that Lindstrom was the most valuable member of the team.

But if you're hoping that your favorite TV comedian will fly to Mars, that probably won't happen.

\"Being funny won't be enough to land somebody the job,\" Johnson said. \"They also need to be an excellent engineer.\"

Besides, they must be in top physical condition. （1）What is NASA's new job listing?

A. A funny engineer. B. A talented clown. C. A good cook. D. A popular comedian. （2）What does \"a confined space\" in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. a full space B. an empty space C. an open space D. a small space. （3）How does the author think humor can help astronauts?

A. It can stop them from feeling bored. B. It can promote teamwork on a mission. C. It can make them feel less homesick. D. It can help them know themselves better. （4）What's the author's purpose of giving the example of the cook? A. To tell us that what explorers eat on their journey is very important. B. To prove that an amateur can play a more important role than a professional. C. To make the point that humorous people can cheer people up in difficult situations. D. To reveal that a mission to Mars is more difficult than a journey to the South Pole. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）B （4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由美国宇航局寻找一位幽默的工程师来和宇航员一起执行航天任务介绍了幽默对宇航员的重要作用。

（1）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“‘Being funny won't be enough to land somebody the job,’ Johnson said. ‘They also need to be an excellent engineer.’”可知，美国宇航局的新工作是幽默的工程师，故选A。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“ such as on a mission to Mars, ”可知，与在地球上生活的宽广空间不同，在火星任务中，你需要和其他人一起在狭小的航天器内生活很长一段时间，由此可知画线词词义为“狭小的空间、有限的空间”，故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“These are. people that have the ability to pull everyone together,”可知，幽默的人有能力把每个人都团结在一起，也就是说幽默能够促进宇航员在任务中的团队合作，故选B。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“In stressful situations, perhaps humor is a way to know we aren't alone. By laughing together, we share our stress.”可知，在压力大的情况下，幽默是一种减压的方式，第六段第一句话又说有很多团队小丑的例子，紧接着举厨师的例子就是为了证明这一点，即：幽默的人能使人在困难的情况下振作起来，故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

If American waterways had ever been voted on the yearbook, the Buffalo River could easily have been named Ugliest. It could be hard to find hope there. It took decades for public perception of the river to shift. But activist citizens, who collaborated with industry, government, and environment groups never gave up on their polluted river—the Buffalo River gradually went from being considered a lost cause to a place worth fighting for. And by now the cleaned—up water is one of Buffalo'S biggest attractions.

By the 1960s, the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes. The Buffalo River had caught fire many times. The surface had an oily layer, and any fish caught there were not eatable.

The waterway's fate started shifting in the mid-1960s. Stanley Spisiak was a local Polish—American jeweler by day, but by evening he was the kind of guy who'd chase down dumpers(垃圾车)he spotted on the Buffalo River. By 1966 he found himself winning the National Wildlife Federation's \"Water Conservationist of the Year\" award. And before long he got a nickname:\" Mr. Buffalo River. \"But there was only so much he could do—the river was still declared biologically dead in 1969.

Jill Spisiak Jedlicka is his great-grandniece. She picks up where he left off by directing the river's protector organization, Buffalo Niagara Waterkeeper. Professor Schneekloth and seven friends founded the organization as an all-volunteer nonprofit in 1989, after organizing the first river cleanup that year. Today the group employs 27 full-time workers and has helped oversee the Buffalo River's $100 million restoration.

So far, the Buffalo River's water quality has restored, but it is still an ongoing issue, as sewage(污水)can overflow into the river after storms. Habitat restoration continues as well; fish and plantings are still being sampled to measure how well it's gone. （1）What did the Buffalo River use to be?

A. A waterway on the yearbook. B. A river heavily polluted. C. A great attraction of Buffalo's. D. A place worth fighting for. （2）Why was Mr.Spisiak named \"Mr. Buffalo River\"? A. Because his fate shifted in the 1 960s. B. Because he spotted dumpers on the River. C. Because he spared no efforts to protect the river. D. Because the river was declared biologically dead. （3）How long did it take for the river to restore?

A. More than half a century. B. Just four decades. C. About 30 years. D. Only 27 years. （4）What can be a suitable title for this text?

A. The restoration of the Buffalo River B. Stanley Spisiak: The \"Mr.Buffalo River\" C. The future of the Buffalo River D. River protection: A long way to go

【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）A （4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了被污染的the Buffalo River的恢复。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的”never gave up on their polluted river—the Buffalo River gradually went from being considered a lost cause to a place worth fighting for.“；第二段中的”By the 1960s，the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes. The Buffalo River had caught fire many times. The surface had an oily layer，and any fish caught there were not eatable.“可知，the Buffalo River过去是一条被严重污染的河。故选B。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的”Stanley Spisiak was a local Polish—American jeweler by day，but by evening he was the kind of guy who'd chase down dumpers(垃圾车)he spotted on the Buffalo River. By 1966 he found himself winning the National Wildlife Federation's \"Water Conservationist of the Year\"award. And before long he got a nickname: ‘Mr. Buffalo River.’\"可知，Mr. Spisiak被称为“Mr.Buffalo River”是因为他不遗余力地保护这条河。故选C。 （3）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“It took decades for public perception of the river to shift.”公众对这条河的看法改变花了几十年的时间；第二段中的“By the 1960s，the river was seen as one of the worst sources of pollution pouring into the Great Lakes.”到了20世纪60年代，这条河被认为是五大湖最严重的污染源之一。；以及最后一段中的“So far，the Buffalo River's water quality has restored，”到目前为止，布法罗河的水质已经恢复”可知，这条河花了多半个世纪才恢复。故选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。第一段和第二段说明了the Buffalo River严重受污染的情况，第三、四段介绍了为改变污染状况所做的努力，以及最后一段中的“So far，the Buffalo River's water quality has restored，but it is still an ongoing issue，as sewage(污水)can overflow into the river after storms. Habitat restoration continues as well；fish and plantings are still being sampled to measure how well it's gone.”是其现状。综上可知，本文讲述的是被污染的the Buffalo River的恢复。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Plants are boring. They just sit there photosynthesizing (光合作用) while animals have all the fun. Right? Not so much. A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants. The ant and plant co-evolution (协同进化) started with ants feeding on plants and plants evolving ant-friendly features.

Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use. Some plants have evolved features that persuade ants into defending them from attack from other insects and even

mаmmаlѕ. Тhеѕе іnсludе hollow thorns that аntѕ will live іnѕіdе, or ехtra nесtаr (琼浆) оn lеаvеѕ or stems for the ants to eat. Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds. The ant will pick up the seed and carry it away, eat the food packet, and leave the seed—often in a nutrient-rich area where it'll grow better, and since it's farther away from its parent, they won't have to compete for resources.

But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started. If evolution is an arms race between species developing ways to make use of their neighbors, then scientists wanted to know whether plants or ants fired the first shot. It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants.

The history of ants and plants evolving together goes back to the time of the dinosaurs, and it's not easy to tell from fossils who fired the first shot. However, it is a question of little significance. Scientists say their study maters because it provides a look at how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.

（1）Some plants attach food packets to their seeds in order to ________. A. reward the ants B. make a fool of ants

C. provide nutrition for the seeds D. get the seeds moved around

（2）What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us? A. How plants and ants interact. B. What ants do to protect plants. C. How plants and ants survive attacks. D. Why plants and ants need co-evolution.

（3）Which is true about the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants? A. Ants depended more upon plants. B. It caused a race for better evolution. C. How it got started was uncertain. D. It was of little value for future studies.

（4）What's the author's purpose of writing the passage? A. To introduce a science research method. B. To inform readers of a latest research finding. C. To arouse readers' interest in science research. D. To criticize people's traditional views about plants. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠

久的历史。蚂蚁和植物的共同进化始于蚂蚁以植物为食，植物进化出对蚂蚁友好的特征。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Plants make a number of different structures that are specific for ant use.”植物有许多不同的结构，这些结构是专门为蚂蚁使用的；“Some ants will just cheat and take the nectar and run, but some will stick around and attack anything that tries to hurt the plant. Other plants get ants to help them move their seeds around, by providing them with rich food packets attached to the seeds.”可知，有些蚂蚁会偷取花蜜逃跑，但有些会留下来攻击任何试图伤害植物的东西。其他植物让蚂蚁帮助它们移动种子，方法是在种子上附加丰富的食物包。由此可知，第二段主要讲了植物和蚂蚁如何互动，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“But scientists weren't sure how the evolutionary relationship between ants and plants got started.”但是科学家们并不确定蚂蚁和植物之间的进化关系是如何开始的。由此可知C选项描述正确，故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。第一段中的“A new study has found that there is a long history of interactions between ants and plants.”一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁和植物之间的互动有着悠久的历史。是全文的主题句，由此推断出，作者写这篇文章的目的是告知读者最新的研究结果，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe's biggest online takeaway food company Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technologies to deliver food with robots on the streets of London later this month. \"Nobody has ever done deliveries with land-based robots,\" said Allan Martinson, the chief operating officer of Starship. The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate (确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier. \"Put the code in, the robot opens up, and there's your food,\" said David Buttress, chief manager of Just Eat.

The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs £ 1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the £3 to £6 it costs for a human courier. To date 30 robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themselves picked on by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London and Tallinn, Estonia.

An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine on the streets. \"The most surprising reaction has been the lack of reaction,\" said Martinson.

Another significant fear was that people would disrupt (扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it opens only with a passcode provided to the customer via a notification. \"It's much easier to shoplift than it is to steal a robot,\" said Martinson.

（1）Which of the following can replace the underlined word \"courier\" in Paragraph 2? A. deliverer B. collector C. provider D. guide （2）According to the text, the Starship robot ________. A. opens up upon hearing the code B. travels 10 miles per hour at most C. finds its way by means of GPS and cameras D. sends a message to the customer upon arrival

（3）The test of Starship robots shows that ________. A. they are easy to operate

B. the robot delivery is appreciated in big cities C. the robot delivery is cheaper than human delivery D. they can travel for 10 hours continuously

（4）Which of the following is one of the worries about Starship robots? A. Safety of the robot delivery. B. Accuracy of the robot delivery C. Peoples indifference to the robots. D. People's concern about public traffic.

（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Great Improvement of Just Eat B. Global Trend of Food Companies C. New Robots to Move on the road

D. Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）C （4）A （5）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了伦敦一家食品速递公司宣布未来会使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，目前该公司在几个城市都测试了陆地快递机器人送餐服务。未来送货机器人可能会取代人类送快递。

（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”可知，一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。所以这个词是“投递”的意思，故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate(确定

方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification(通知) on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier.”可知，Starship机器人依靠全球定位系统和照相机找到路。故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs ￡1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the ￡3 to ￡6 it costs for a human courier.”可知，机器人送餐要比人送餐更便宜。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Another significant fear was that people would disrupt(扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents.”另一重大担忧就是担心人们干扰机器人，或是想把机器人及其所运物品偷走，可以推断出，担忧机器人运送的安全问题。故选A。

（5）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，特别是第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。可知，D项Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers作为标题最合适。选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。