一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A shark moving around the coastline is normally a worrying sight，but this waterborne drone (无人机) threatens floating rubbish instead of people.
Developed by Dutch company RanMarine, the WasteShark takes nature as its inspiration with its whale shark-like mouth. Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.
According to RanMarine, the WasteShark is available in both autonomous and remote-controlled models. Measuring just over five feet by three-and-a-half feet (1.5 meters by 1.1 meter), it can carry up to 352 pounds of rubbish (159.6 kg) and has an operational battery life of 16 hours.
By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the world's oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.
\"WasteShark also has the abilities to gather air and water quality data, remove chemicals out of the water such as oil, and heavy metals, and scan the seabed to read its depth and outlines,\" said Oliver Cunningham, one of the co-founders of RanMarine. \"Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches.\"
\"Our drones are designed to move through a water system, whether it's around the perimeter (周边) or through the city itself. The drones are that last line of defense between the city and the open ocean,\" added Cunningham. \"WasteSharks are operating in Dubai, South Africa and the Netherlands and cost $ 17, 000 for the remote-controlled model and just under $ 23, 000 for the autonomous model.\"
Dubai-based operator Ecocoast has two WasteShark drones. Co-founder Dana Liparts says they will clean waterfronts for clients including hotels and environmental authorities and that Ecocoast' intention is to have the collected rubbish recycled or upcycled. However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn't have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing people's attitudes towards littering. （1）What do we know about the WasteShark? A. It can frighten sharks away. B. It is an ocean explorer. C. It is a rubbish collector. D. It can catch fish instead of people.
（2）What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A. The causes of ocean pollution. B. The dangers of using plastics. C. The severity of ocean garbage pollution. D. The importance of ocean protection.
（3）What will the WasteShark do with an approaching object?
A. Avoid crashing into it. B. Break it into pieces. C. Swallow it. D. Fly over it. （4）Which of the following ideas does Liparts agree with? A. The WasteShark should be used more widely. B. More measures should be taken to make water clean. C. The production cost of WasteSharks should be reduced. D. People should take a positive attitude to new technology. 【答案】 （1）C （2）C （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.”可知，这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的，故选C。
（2）考查段落大意。根据第四段中的“By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the world's oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.”可知，预计到2016年，海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾，估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上，故可知，本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性，故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的\"Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches.\"可知，配备防碰撞系统，无人机使用激光来探测物体，用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体，如果探测到物体，无人机就会停下来或者后退，故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn't have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing people's attitudes towards littering.”可知，这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策，需要多措并举，才能达到目的，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。
2．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
While faking and fierce looks are among animals great defenses, many species know that everyone runs from a big stink (臭气) too. Vulture (秃鸳)
Vultures, are street sweepers that feast on the rotting flesh of dead animals, which benefits us
by ridding our highways and landscapes of animal bodies and the bacteria they might carry. When vultures feel threatened they vomit, and the smell of vomited-on dead bodies puts of most predators. Throwing up allows the vulture to fly away more quickly-and the vomit can hurt the aggressor's eyes and face. Opossum (负鼠)
In some ways opossums have it easy. In order to become \"dead\a death certificate. They just lie there with their tongues hanging out with the smell of dead flesh, sometimes for hours, effectively convincing potential predators they can find a much fresher meal elsewhere. Even if they keep getting attacked, they won't move any more than a human statue until the threat has passed. Hoatzin (磨雉)
Hold your nose and meet the hoatzin, a bird of distinctions, not the least of which is that it smells like fresh cow shit. The animal mostly eats leaves and it's the only bird known to digest by fermentation, like a cow. This process is what causes its smell and has earned it the nickname the \"stink bird
Millipedes (千足虫)
Millipedes are tricky. For starters they look wormy. Their name is deceptive, too: Their legs number about 750. Their major defense is to curl up into a ball. They, though, also release a harm eyes, and leave a horrible smell on their attackers. Sea Hare (海兔)
The graceful sea hare is plain in taste in the first place, so it's not the most popular dish in the seafood chain. Nonetheless this type of sea creature has a pretty creative smell-related defense that is almost the opposite of its smelly companions on this list. The sea hare gives out a slimy, purple ink, the substance which makes food less palatable to predators.
Researchers using lobsters (2-f) as model predators found that the sea blocks the lobsters receptive mechanism. In other words, the sea hare gives its attacker the equivalent of a stuffy nose so they don't know how appealing it is.
（1）The sea hare defends itself from predators by ________. A. becoming plain in taste at the discovery of a predator B. giving out purple ink to make itself invisible to predators C. releasing substance to make predators unable to smell it D. giving off smelly gas to try to drive predators away
（2）Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. The vulture carries bacteria so that predators dare not get close to it. B. The opossum fakes its death to avoid being targeted by predators. C. The hoatzin eats cow shit so that it is nick-named as \"stink bird\". D. The gas released by millipede was basically harmless.
（3）The species that enjoys more than one defense mechanism is ________. A. vulture B. opossum C. millipede D. sea hare 【答案】 （1）C （2）B
（3）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些野生动物是如何进行自身防御的。 （1）考查细节理解。根据 Sea Hare (海兔)部分中的“The sea hare gives out a slimy, purple ink, the substance which makes food less palatable to predators.”可知，海兔身上散发出黏糊糊的紫色墨水，这种物质使得捕食者对食物不那么感兴趣，从而保护自己免受捕食者的伤害。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据 Opossum (负鼠)部分中的“In order to become ‘dead’, they don't have to fax anyone a death certificate. They just lie there with their tongues hanging out with the smell of dead flesh, sometimes for hours, effectively convincing potential predators they can find a much fresher meal elsewhere.”可知，负鼠假装死亡，让捕食者在其他地方找到更新鲜的食物，以避免成为捕食者的目标。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据Millipedes (千足虫)部分中的“Their major defense is to curl up into a ball. They, though, also release a harm eyes, and leave a horrible smell on their attackers.”可知，千足虫主要防守是蜷成一团。然而，它们也会释放出有害 的 眼睛，并在攻击者身上留下可怕的气味。从而可以推断出，千足虫是拥有多种防御机制的物种。故选C。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
3．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
Being able to land safely is a critically important skill for all flying animals. Comparatively speaking, ground living animals face no particular challenge when they need to stop running or crawling, while flying animals move at much higher speed, and they must be careful about how they land. Hitting the ground, or even water, at full flight speed would be quite dangerous. Before touching down, they must decrease their speed in order to land safely. Both bats and birds have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently. In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail how bats move their wings. In recent years, though, researchers have discovered a number of interesting facts about bat flight. Bats are built differently from birds, and their wings are made up of both their front and hind limbs (肢体). This makes coordinating (协调) their limbs more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very good at flying over longer distances. However, they are much better at the ability to adjust themselves: a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do.
Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly hanging upside down from an object overhead. One downside to this landing routine is that the bats often land with some force, which probably causes pain. However, not all bats hit their landing spots with the same speed and force; these will vary depending on
the area where a bat species makes its home. For example, a cave bat, which regularly lives on a hard stone ceiling, is more careful about its landing preparation than a bat more accustomed to landing in leafy treetops.
（1）Which of the following is the topic of the passage? A. Places where flying animals choose to land. B. Why scientists have difficulty observing bats. C. Differences in the eating habits of bats and birds. D. Ways in which bats move differently from birds.
（2）Which of the following is a false assumption about bats that was recently corrected? A. They cannot hear any sound. B. They sleep upside down. C. They fly similarly to birds. D. They hide in tree branches. （3）The word \"it\" (in 2nd paragraph) probably refers to \"______\". A. the distance to the nets B. the sense of flying height C. the flying direction D. the ability to change the speed （4）According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Bats might hurt themselves when landing. B. Bats can hang upside down like birds. C. Bats can adjust speed before landing. D. Bats and birds land in different ways. 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者用研究事实来证明蝙蝠在飞行及运动方式与鸟类完全不同。以前人们认为蝙蝠和鸟类在运动方面没有什么区别，但现在的研究证明蝙蝠的构造不同于鸟类，它们的翅膀由前肢和后肢组成，它们自我调节能力好，可迅速改变飞行方向，或完全逆行，这是鸟类不容易做到的，而且蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的！这不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟。
（1）考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的\"Both bats and birds have mastered the skill of landing, but these two types of flyers go about it quite differently.\"提出了蝙蝠与鸟的降落方式及飞行的不同。第二段用研究证明过去认为蝙蝠和鸟类在飞行运动方面没有什么区别是错误的。尤其是\"they are much better at the ability to adjust themselves: a bat can quickly change its direction of flight or completely reverse it, something a bird cannot easily do\"可知蝙蝠与鸟的运动不同；第三段中的\"Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches,…\"再一次说明了蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同。综上所述，可知，蝙蝠与鸟运动方式的不同是本文的主题。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的 \"In the past it was believed that, in terms of flying mechanics, there was little difference between bats and birds. This belief was based only on assumption, however, because for years nobody had actually studied in detail how bats move their wings…This makes coordinating (协调) their limbs more difficult for bats and, as a result, they are not very good at flying over longer distances.\"可推断出，过去人们认为蝙蝠与鸟在飞
行运动方式与鸟没有区别，最近的研究发现，这是不正确的，故也是要纠正的，故选C。 （3）考查代词指代。划线部分的上下文说\"蝙蝠在自我调节的能力上要好得多：蝙蝠可以迅速改变飞行方向，或者完全与它（正飞行方向）相反的方向飞行，这是鸟不容易做到的。\"由此可知，此处的\"it\"指的是飞行的方向。故选C。
（4）考查推断判断。根据第三段中的\"Another interesting characteristic of bat flight is the way in which bats land-upside down! Unlike birds which touch down on the ground or on tree branches, bats can be observed flying around and then suddenly hanging upside down from an object overhead. One downside to this landing routine is that the bats often land with some force, which probably causes pain.\"可知，蝙蝠飞行的另一个有趣特征是蝙蝠倒立着降落的方式！不同于那些降落在地上或树枝上的鸟，观察到蝙蝠可以四处飞行，然后突然倒挂在头顶的物体上。这种降落方式的一个缺点是蝙蝠经常用力降落，这可能会导致疼痛。因此蝙蝠与鸟不同，蝙蝠可以倒挂着。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，代词指代和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
4．阅读理解
A new study suggests a link between exposure to greenery and reduced desires for alcohol cigarette and junk food.
The study is the first to investigate the possible relationships between exposure to nature and desires and negative emotions. Researchers at the University of Plymouth's School of Psychology surveyed 149 respondents (应答者) aged 21 o 65 about the proportion( 比例 )of green space in their neighborhood, the presence of green views from their home, their access to a garden and how often they use public green space. The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety, as well as desires for things like caffeine, alcohol and nicotine. Participants rated the intensity( 强度), imagery, and intrusiveness(侵扰性) of their desires on an 11-point scale.
Researchers found the presence of visible green space contributed to decreased desires for junk food. The effect was particularly noticeable when more than 25 percent of a respondent's view was greenery.
Previous scholarship(学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University of Michigan found 90- minute group nature walks were effective at combatting depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don't have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.
\"It has been known for some time that being outdoors in nature is linked to a person's well-being,\" lead author Leanne Martin said in a statement.\" But for there to be a similar association with desires from simply being able to see green space adds a new dimension to the previous research.\"
A 2018 study from Denmark's Aarhus University for example, found that. Having access to green space throughout childhood decreased a person's risk of developing mental health
problems as an adult.
（1）What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A.The results of the new study. B.The purpose of the new study. C.The significance of the new study. D.The content of the new study.
（2）What does the underlined word \"combatting\" in paragraph 4 probably mean? A.Reducing. B.Developing. C.Understanding. D.Encouraging
（3）According to the passage, the new study _____. A.mainly referred to exercise in nature
B.has enriched the previous research to some degree C.was carried out by the University of Michigan
D.found exposure to greenery helped cure mental problems （4）n which section of a newspaper may this passage appear? A.Entertainment B.Business World C.Tech &Science D.Environment 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）B （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的研究成果---多看绿色植物和吃垃圾食品这两者看似风马牛不相及，可研究结构却表明它们之间存在着一种奇妙的关系：多看绿色植物能帮助人们克制吃垃圾食品的欲望。
（1）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的 “Researchers …surveyed 149 respondents aged 21 o 65 about the proportion of green space in their neighborhood…”研究人员调查了年龄在21~65岁之间的149名参与者小区内的绿植比例……；以及“The study also asked questions about experiences with depression and anxiety…”研究中还问了与抑郁及焦虑有关的问题……等可知，第二段主要介绍了新研究的调查内容，故选D。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据常识可知，在大自然中散步对人体有各种各样的好处，再结合句中出现的“relieving other mood disorders(缓解其他情绪紊乱)”不难推断出， combatting depression应表示“减轻抑郁”。故选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“…adds a new dimension(方面) to the previous research”为以前的研究增加了新的方面，可知，新的研究在某种程度上丰富了之前的研究成果。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了一项科学研究的研究成果，所以该文章
最有可能出现在“技术与科学”版块。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear.
According to a team of researchers at MIT, both cases may be possible before long, thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing.
Solar energy is only available about half the time we need it — during daylight. For the sun to become a major power provider for human needs, there has to be an efficient way to save it up for use during nighttime and stormy days. Most such efforts have focused on storing and recovering solar energy in the form of electricity, but the new finding, by MlI professor Jeffrey Grossman, Postdoc David Zhitomirsky and graduate student Eugene Cho, could provide a highly efficient method for storing the sun's energy through a chemical reaction and releasing it later as heat.
The key to enabling long-term, stable storage of solar heat, the team said, is to store it in the form of a chemical change rather than storing the heat itself. But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. When exposed to sunlight, the molecules can stay that way for long periods Then, when triggered (触发)by a very specific temperature or something else, the molecules return to their original shape , giving off heat in the process. Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. But those earlier efforts were designed to be used in liquid solutions and not able to make durable (耐用的) solid-state films. The new approach is the first based on a solid-state material, in this case a polymer, and the first based on inexpensive materials and widespread production technology.
（1）What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1? A.To show the main idea of the passage. B.To practice readers' imagination. C.To interest readers in the passage. D.To introduce a new kind of material.
（2）According to the passage, what can the polymer film do? A.It can be made into window glass. B.It can make necessary electricity. C.It can store energy and release sunshine. D.It can absorb sunshine and give off heat.
（3）According to the passage, what is STF based on? A.The chemical reaction. B.The movement of heat. C.The form of electricity. D.The physical reaction.
（4）What is the advantage of the molecular configuration? A.It is less expensive. B.It is very powerful. C.It is easily available. D.It is less changeable. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型材料，它可以通过自身吸热并储存热量，之后能够根据需要释放热。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段“Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear. ”想象一下你的衣服可以释放足够的热量让你温暖和舒适，让你可以在冰冷的房间里保持舒适。或者，再想象一下车的挡风玻璃可以储存太阳的能量，然后释放热量使挡风玻璃上的冰消失)可推测，本段以衣服和骑车挡风玻璃为例，提到了如果衣服能够吸热和放热、汽车的挡风玻璃能够吸热和自动除冰那该是多么好的事，以此来吸引对着对本文的兴趣。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing. ”多亏了这种能在白天吸热之后以热能形式释放的新型材料，这个透明的聚合物膜可以应用于许多不同的表面，如窗户玻璃或服装)可知，这种聚合物膜可以吸热，此后再以热能的形式释放出来。故选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. ”这种以化学反应为基础的储存材料，即太阳能热燃料(STF)，以前就已经被开发出来了，可知，STF是以化学反应为基础。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. ”但是热量会随着时间的推移而消失，不管周围的物质有多好，所以研究小组建立了一个化学储存系统，可以将能量保持在一个稳定的分子结构中)可推断，这种分子结构的优势是相对稳定。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
An experimental cleanup device called RemoveDEBRIS has successfully cast a net around a dummy (仿真的) satellite, imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage. The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.
Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit the result of 50 years of space travel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a satellite can cause critical damage.
Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area.
The RemoveDEBRIS experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the U. K.'s Surrey Space Center and includes Airbus, Airbus-owned Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. and France's ArianeGroup.
Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Center, said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlS technology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.
The RemoveDEBRIS satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation features that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris.
Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said the success of this week's experiment was exciting, but he cautioned against \"over- publicizing\" it. There are still enormous barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks are underway, he said, and the most discouraging is figuring out how to fund such projects.
Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDEBRIS project, said \"The challenge will lie in persuading the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks.\" Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most crowded orbits.
（1）What is the use of the RemoveDEBRIS satellite?
A. Demonstrating space technology. B. Imitating a developing technique. C. Collecting wastes existing in space. D. Symbolizing great progress in space. （2）How does the RemoveDEBRlS satellite work? A. By throwing a net to take the junk from orbit. B. By fastening it to the main satellite tightly. C. By dragging satellites up to 10 meters long. D. By targeting large pieces of junk carefully.
（3）What does the underlined word \"sponsor\" in the last paragraph probably mean? A. Accomplish. B. Support. C. Oppose. D. Provide. （4）What's the best title for the text?
A. The RemoveDEBRIS Project Is Perfect B. How RemoveDEBRIS Is Invented in the Lab C. Why the RemoveDEBRIS Satellite Is Invented D. Satellite Collects Space Junk for the First Time 【答案】 （1）C （2）A （3）B （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“卫星首次收集太空垃圾。”一种名为“清除碎片”的实验清理设备成功地在一颗虚拟卫星周围撒网，模仿一种有朝一日可能收集太空垃圾的技术。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中“...,imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage.”模仿一种有一天可以收集太空垃圾的技术。可知，the RemoveDEBRIS卫星的用途是收集太空中存在的废物。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“...,said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlS technology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.“该公司表示，一种操作性版本的RemoveDEBRlS技术将会在主卫星上撒网，这样碎片就可以被拖出轨道。它可以瞄准大块的垃圾，包括长达10米的报废卫星。”可知，RemoveDEBRlS卫星是通过撒网把垃圾带离轨道。故选A。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的”Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most crowded orbits.“Aglietti说，他希望清理碎片的工作每年能进行几次，目标是最拥挤轨道上最大的垃圾碎片。可知，“挑战在于说服有关当局赞助这些任务。”可知，划线词的意思是“支持”。故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的”The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.“专家告诉CNN，本周进行的这次测试被广泛认为是太空清洁技术的首次成功演示。它象征着解决太空垃圾这一关键问题的第一步。可知，本文主题是“卫星首次收集太空垃圾”。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断，词义猜测和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
On December 26, 2004, hundreds of tourists relaxed on Sri Lanka's Yala National Park's beaches. But at mid-morning the park's elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill. The puzzled keepers could tell the animals were worried about something but what?
What the keepers did not know was that a 30-foot wall of water was headed straight toward them. This tsunami(海啸) had been caused by an earthquake more than 1, 000 miles away in the Indian Ocean. When the huge wave hit the coast, it caused severe damage. Many people died. The elephants, however, were not swept away by the water. They stood safely on the hill. Scientists have long suspected that animals sense natural disasters before humans do. People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths.
It's unlikely that an animal's so-called sixth sense comes from some magical power to see into the future. Experts believe that animals may be more sensitive than humans to changes in temperature and other environmental conditions that take place before a natural disaster. The elephants in Sri Lanka, for example, may have picked up vibrations from within the Earth, a sign that earthquake was coming. Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast.
A few scientists are calling for a system to track reports of strange behavior in people's pets, hoping that these reports can serve as a warning system that a natural disaster is about to happen. But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says, \"It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?\"
（1）What happened to the elephants in Yala National Park on December 26, 2004? A. They died in the natural disaster. B. They were disturbed by the tourists. C. They moved from the hill to the seaside. D. They behaved strangely before the tsunami. （2）The author supports his point of view in paragraph 3 mainly by . A. giving examples B. making comparisons C. telling interesting stories D. showing research findings （3）The underlined word vibrations in paragraph 4 means . A. changes in temperature B. a kind of chemical power C. continuous shaking movement D. serious environmental pollution
（4）What may be Marina Haynes' attitude towards the warning system in the last paragraph? A. Positive. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Supportive. 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，长期以来，科学家们一直怀疑动物比人类更能感知自然灾害。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But at mid-morning the park's elephants began crying wildly and running away from the ocean and up a nearby hill.”但在上午10点左右，公园里的
大象开始狂呼乱叫，从海里跑开，爬上附近的一座小山。由此可知，2004年12月26日，亚拉国家公园的大象在海啸前表现得很奇怪，故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“People have told stories of dogs refusing to go outside and sharks swimming to deeper waters before a hurricane. After the 2004 tsunami, people said they saw tigers, monkeys, and water buffalo escaping to higher ground before the waters rushed in. Even in the hardest-hit areas of southern Asia, there were few animal deaths.”人们讲过这样的故事:狗不愿出门，鲨鱼在飓风前游到较深的水域。在2004年的海啸之后，人们说他们看到老虎、猴子和水牛在洪水涌入之前逃到地势较高的地方。即使在受灾最严重的南亚地区，也很少有动物死亡。可推断出作者在第三段主要通过举例来支持自己的观点，故选A。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第四段中的“Because vibrations in the ground travel much faster than an ocean wave, the elephants may have felt the earthquake that caused the tsunami well before the tsunami itself came to the coast.”由于地面的震动比海浪的传播速度快得多，大象可能早在海啸到达海岸之前就已经感受到引发海啸的地震。由此可以推断出\"vibrations\"意思是连续晃动，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“But Marina Haynes, an animal behavior scientist at the Philadelphia Zoo, says,‘It would be an unreliable way to predict disasters. It can be difficult to know what an animal is doing. Is the animal nervous because an earthquake is about to happen or is it frightened because there is an enemy nearby?’\"但是费城动物园的动物行为科学家Marina Haynes说:\"这是一种不可靠的预测灾难的方法。很难知道动物在做什么。是因为地震即将发生而感到紧张，还是因为附近有敌人而感到害怕?\"由此推断出，Marina Haynes在最后一段对这种预警系统持怀疑态度。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读理解
Hacking isn't just for computers and smart phones. According to a study, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the number of food produced around the world.
Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes. Hacked plants are larger than normal plants.
Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent. Scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system starts when a plant gets too much sunlight. When the plant senses the light, it creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off. But the process is slow.
The new study sped up the process by changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the
study increased. Leaf growth on two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes would produce the same results in corn and rice.
Agriculture professor Tala Awanda said the study makes sense, but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still, she added in an email, \"this study remains a breakthrough,\"
（1）Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1 ? A. We can find hacking only in digital devices. B. A plant's genes can be changed by hacking. C. Hacking has been used in improving food production. D. Hacking can be used to change whatever you want. （2）Why did scientists choose tobacco plants to study?
A. Because they are very easy to get. B. Because their genes are easy to change. C. Because they are larger than other plants. D. Because they can absorb sunlight quickly. （3）What do we know about photosynthesis? A. It helps plants to produce energy.
B. It is regarded as a productive system for plants. C. It can increase leaf growth on plants by 14 percent. D. It is made up of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
（4）We can learn from Paragraph 4 that changing the plants' genes proved _______. A. useless B. deadly C. effective D. unrealistic （5）What is Tala Awanda's attitude toward the study?
A. Doubtful. B. Neutral. C. Objective. D. Critical. 【答案】 （1）B （2）B （3）A （4）C （5）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家通过研究发现了通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,这种方法对提高粮食产量是个重大突破。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly.\"可知,科学家发现一种通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,由此可知,植物的基因可以通过骇入来改变,故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes\"可知,科学家在研究中选择使用烟草植物是因为它们的基因很容易改变,故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food.\"可知,\"光合作用\"这个词用来描述植物如何利用阳光、水和二氧化碳制造自己的食物,由此可知,光合作用能帮助植物产生能量,故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\"As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased.\"可知,结果,科学家在研究中使用的植物叶片生长量增加了,由此可知,骇入植物基因的方法证明是有效的,故选C。
（5）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"the study makes sense,but cautioned the yield（产量）might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still,she added in an email,\" this study remains a breakthrough,\"可知,Awanda说这个研究很有意义,但她警告说对传统农作物来说,产量可能不会那么高,最后她还说不管怎样,这项研究仍是一个突破,由此可知Awanda对这项研究持客观态度,故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读下列短文，从所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出最佳选项。
We all are familiar with Android and iOS platforms as both are popular but are quite different when it comes to functionalities.
If you are making a big move from Android to iPhone, then the first thing that counters your mind is how to get your data on the iPhone.
Note: You need to turn on Wi-Fi on your Android & iPhone and connect them with the same network.
So, let's get started and learn how to transfer data from Android to iPhone. Note: Please keep in mind that the steps might vary from device to device.
Install (安装) the \"Move to iOS\" App on your Android device from the Google play store. This application is developed by Apple and available for free.
Once you are done with installing the app, you need to grant permissions to the app. Now, follow on-screen instructions to proceed.
Now, keep your Android aside and start your iPhone. Follow the on-screen instructions to set up your iPhone.
The transfer might take a bit longer depending upon the size of the content. On your iPhone screen, you will see a screen saying,\" Continue setting up iPhone\".
You can continue setting up your Apple ID on your new iPhone. Once done, you will find all your data such as contacts, messages, bookmarks, pictures etc. on it.
That's it, now you can dump your old Android phone and enjoy using your iPhone. （1）Before the transfer, what are you supposed to do first? A. Be familiar with Android and iOS platforms. B. Check your data on the iPhone and back it up. C. Remember the steps might vary from device to device. D. Tum on Wi-Fi and connect them with the same network. （2）What do we know about the \"Move to iOS\" App? A. It is required to be installed on your iOS device. B. It is an app that transfers data from Android to iPhone. C. The Google play store developed this app free of charge. D. You need grant permissions to the app before downloading it.
（3）Which section of a website is this article taken from?
A. Technology. B. Entertainment. C. Travel. D. Relationship. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，安卓系统和苹果iOS系统都很受欢迎，但是如何在两个系统之间传输数据呢？本文作者详细介绍了在这两个系统之间传输数据的具体步骤。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Note: You need to turn on Wi-Fi on your Android & iPhone and connect them with the same network.”可知在传输之前，首先你需要打开你的安卓和苹果的无线网，然后连接到同一个网络。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“So, let's get started and learn how to transfer data from Android to iPhone.”（因此，让我们开始学习如何把数据从安卓系统传输到苹果系统。以及第六段中的“Install (安装) the \"Move to iOS\" App on your Android device from the Google play store.”在你的安卓系统设备上安装“移动到iOS系统”程序，可知\"Move to iOS\"是用来传输数据的。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。本文作者详细介绍了如何在安卓系统和苹果iOS系统之间传输数据的具体步骤。因此这是关于技术方面的文章。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 Can you trust your very first childhood memories? Maybe not, a new study suggests. Past researches show that people's earliest memories typically form around 3 to 3. 5 years of age. But in a recent survey of more than 6,600 people, British scientists have found that 39 percent of participants claimed to have memories from age 2 or younger. These first memories are likely false, the researchers said. This was particularly the case for middle -aged and older adults.
For the study, researchers asked participants to describe their first memory and the age at which it occurred. Participants were told they had to be sure the memory was the one that had happened. For example, it shouldn't be based on a photograph, a family story or any source other than direct experiences. Then the researchers examined the content, language and descriptive details of these earliest memories and worked out the likely reasons why people would claim to have memories from an age when memories cannot form.
As many of these memories dated before the age of 2, this suggests they were not based on actual facts, but facts or knowledge about their babyhood or childhood from photographs or family stories. Often these false memories are fired by a part of an early experience, such as family relationships or feeling sad, the researchers explained.
\"We suggest that what a rememberer has in mind when recalling fictional early memories is …a mental representation consisting of remembered pieces of early experiences and some facts or knowledge about their own babyhood or childhood,\" study author Shania Kantar said in a journal
news release, \"Additionally, further details may be unconsciously inferred or added. Such memory-like mental representations come over time, to be collectively experienced when they come to mind, so for the individual, they quite simply are memories, which particularly point to babyhood.\"
\"Importantly, the person remembering them doesn't know this is fictional,\" study co-author Martin Conway said \"In fact, when people are told that their memories are false they often don't believe it.\"
（1）What can we learn from a recent study? A. Memories form after the age of 3. B. Participants are good at telling stories. C. Adults are likely to form false memories. D. Earliest memories may play a trick on us.
（2）Which source did the researchers require for the earliest memories? A. A direct experience B. A family story C. A family photo D. A sad feeling （3）What are these fictional early memories according to Kantar? A. They are repeated mental representations. B. They are a collection of early experiences. C. They are a combination of both facts and fictions. D. They are further details of remembered experiences.
（4）Which part of a newspaper is this text probably taken from?
A. Society B. Psychology C. Technology D. Health 【答案】 （1）D （2）A （3）C （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，最新研究表明，最初的记忆可能是错误的，中年人和老年人尤其如此。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“These first memories are likely false, the researchers said.”研究人员说，这些最初的记忆可能是错误的。可知我们能从最近的一项研究中得知最早的记忆可能会捉弄我们，故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Participants were told they had to be sure the memory was the one that had happened. For example, it shouldn't be based on a photograph, a family story or any source other than direct experiences.”参与者被告知，他们必须确定记忆就是发生过的那件事。例如，它不应该基于照片，家庭故事或任何来源，而不是直接经验。由此可知，研究人员需要直接经验来获得最早的记忆，故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的\"We suggest that what a rememberer has in mind when recalling fictional early memories is …a mental representation consisting of remembered pieces of early experiences and some facts or knowledge about their own babyhood or childhood,\" study author Shania Kantar said in a journal news release”研究报告的撰写者Shania Kantar在一份期刊的新闻稿中说：“我们认为，一个记忆者在回忆虚构的早期记忆时，脑子
里想的是……一种由记忆中的早期经历片段以及他们自己的童年或童年时期的一些事实或知识组成的心理表征。”由此推断出，Kantar认为这些虚构的早期记忆是事实和虚构的结合，故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。最新研究表明，最初的记忆可能是错误的，中年人和老年人尤其如此。由此推断出，这篇文章可能取自报纸的心理学版块，故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
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