Lesson 1
1.Customs area关税区: 2.Conversion货币兑换
3. Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and
importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)
4. Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.
5. FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.25
6. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
6. Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a
purpose other than controlling. 7. Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.
8. Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay
back the money lent or invested together with interest. 9. Maturity（票据等）到期
10. Certificate of deposit大额存单
11. Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual
property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing
because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.
12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.
13.Trade Mark商标 14.Patent专利
15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税 16.Copyright版权 17.Licenser许可方 18.Licensee被许可方
19. Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.
20. Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.
21. Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.
22. Value chain价值链
23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon
completion.
24.建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer 25. Expertise专门知识 26. Bonus红利、奖金、津贴
27. Royalty 许可使用费
28. International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one
country to another.
29. Contract manufacturing承包生产
30. GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 31. International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different
countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. 32. Intellectual property知识产权
33. Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves
34. the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备
35. Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
Lesson 2
1. GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.
2. GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and
services produced within the geographic area of an economy. 3. National income国民收入4. Per capital income人均收入
5. Per capital ‘ GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by
its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.
6. PPP购买力平价: Purchasing power parity 7. Consumerism消费主义
8. Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich,
middle income and
poor people.
9.Infra structure基础设施 10.10. Staple goods大路货 11.Invoice （开）发票 12.Creditor country债权国
13. OECD经合组织，经济合作与开发组织: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
14. The Commonwealth of Independent States 独联体，独立国家联合体
15. ASEAN 东盟，东南亚国家联盟: Association of Southeast Asian Nationals.
16. NIEs（亚洲四小虎）: Newly Industrialized Economies 17. Factors of production 生产要素
Lesson 3
1. Economic integration经济一体化
2. Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among
themselves while still adopts each own external policy 3. Customs union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among
themselves and adopt the same external policy 4.Tariff rates关税税率 5.Settlement
6. NAFTA北美自由贸易协定: North American Free Trade Agreement
7. Common market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but
also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy. 8. Banknotes circulation货币流通9. Cartel卡塔尔
10. APEC亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织: Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation
11.OPEC石油输出国组织: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
12.European Commission欧盟委员会 13.Council of ministers部长理事会 14.Dual-Ministerial meeting双部长会议 15.Quota Restrictions配额限制
16. Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.
17. EU欧盟，欧洲联盟: European Union
18. EC欧共体，欧洲共同体: European Community
19. Benelux荷比卢（比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国）:Belgium, Netherlands,
Luxemburg
20. Mercousur南方共同市场: Southern Cone Customs Union 21. ECSC欧洲煤钢共同体: European Coal and Steel Community 22. EEC欧洲经济共同体: European Economic Community
23. EURATOM欧洲原子能共同体，欧洲原子能联营: European Atomic Energy
Community
24. SOM高官会议: Senior Officials Meeting
25. TILF贸易投资便利化自由化: Trade and investment liberation and facilitation 26. ECOTECH经济技术合作: Economic and technical cooperation 27. Political entity政治实体28.
Sovereign state主权国家29. Multi-polarization多极化
30. Sub-committee分委员会
31. NTA新跨大西洋议程: New Transatlantic Agenda
32. TABD跨大西洋商业对话: Transatlantic Business Dialogue 33. TACD跨大西洋消费者对话: Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue
34. Territory economies区域经济体 35. Pacific Rim环太平洋圈
36. Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders领导人非正式会议Lesson 5
1. Services服务
2. Primary commodities初级产品
3. Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.
4. Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)
5. Comparative advantage比较利益: It holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in production both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
6. Capital资本
http://www..com/doc/c417389662.html nd and labor土地和劳动力
8. International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced
in one country with those produced in another sufficient. 9. Farm produce农产品
10.Scarce resources 稀缺资源 Lesson 6
1.Tariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a
custom area.
2. Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a
given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
3. Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area
4. Export duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area
5. Ad valorem duty从价税 6. Specific duty从量税
7. Compound duties复税、混合关税
8. Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the
goods are reexported.
9. Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under
which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions
granted to any participating country 10. Tariff schedule税率表、税则非关税壁垒
11. GSP普惠制: Generalized system of preferences. 12. Reasonable costs合理的成本 13. Customs area关税区 14. Customs union关税同盟
15. Tariff barriers 关税壁垒: The traditional protectionism measure Lesson7
1.Deal: agreements, especially in business, on certain terms
for buying or selling something.
2.Trade terms: words or phrases that are peculiar to trade.(贸易术语)
3.Trade practices: way of doing business that is common or habitual.(贸易惯例)
4.Negotiable: (of a check,bond etc.)that can be exchanged for cash or passed to another person instead of cash.(可转让的)
5.EDI:Electronic Data Interchange.(电子数据交换)
6.Customs clearance: (document giving)authorization or permission for goods to pass through customs.(结关)
7.Dispatch: sending the goods off to the destination.(发运) 8.International Chamber of Commerce(ICC): an international non-governmental commercial organization which came into existence in 1920 with its headquarters in Paris.(国际商会)
9.Roll on-roll off: designed to allow vehicles to be driven onto and off it.(滚装滚卸)
10.Incoterms: a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms.(国际贸易术语解释通则)
11.Negotiable transport document:(可转让装运单据) 12.FOB:Free on Broad.(起运港船上交货) 13.CFR:Cost and Freight.(成本加运费)
14.CIF:Cost,Insurance and Freight.(成本、保险费加运费) 15.EXW:Ex Work.(工厂交货) 16.FCA:Free Carrier.(货交承运人)
17.FAS:Free Alongside Ship.(装运港船边交货) 18.CPT:Carriage Paid To.(运费付至)
19.CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid To.(运费、保险费付至) 20.DAF:Delivered at Frontier.(边境交货) 21.DES:Deliver Ex Ship(目的港船上交货) 22.DEQ:Deliver Ex Quay.(目的港码头交货)
23.DDU:Deliver Duty Unpaid.(未完税交货) 24.DDP:Deliver Duty Paid.(完税后交货) Lesson8
1.Inquiry: the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered.(询价)
2.Quotation: include all necessary information required by the enquiry and sent by the exporter (报价)
3.Validity period: a stipulated time before which an offer is considered open; a validity period is indispensable to a firm offer.(有效期)
4.Offer: find the part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussion his own proposals which constitute a counter-offer. )
5.Counter offer: be made in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer. (还盘)
6.Offeree: the party to whom the offer is made. (收盘人) 7.Sales(purchase) contract: when the contract is made by the seller(buyer) it is
called a sales(purchase) contract.（销售(采购)合同） 8.Sales(purchase) confirmation: （销售(购货)确认书） 9.Consignment: sending of goods for delivery.(寄售)
10.Contracting parties: persons, companies countries that sign a contract.(缔约方)
11.Force majeure: something that happens out of control of the
parties
who
have
signed
a
contract.(such
as
strike,war,storm)(不可抗力)
12.Arbitration: settlement of a dispute by the decision of someone chosen as a judge by both sides.(仲裁)
13.Business line: type of business or work.(经营范围)
14.Contract proper: the body of a contract.(合同正文) 15.Article number: the number of the produces or things for sale.(货号) Lesson9
1.counter trade 对销贸易；反向贸易：counter trade is a peculiar from of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally panned economies.
http://www..com/doc/c417389662.html positions 实际头寸 3.empirical 以经验为根据的
4.hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀：normal trade relations were breaking down.
5.Reichsbank 德国国家银行
6.goods...are vertically related.纵向有联系的货物 7.European payment union 欧洲支付联盟 http://www..com/doc/c417389662.html petitive devaluations 竞争性贬值 9.protectionism. 贸易保护主义 10.photocopying machine 复印机 11.processing trade 加工贸易
12.Centrally planned economies. 中央计划经济国家，西方认为的社会主义国家。
13.cross--border contract 进出口合同：that link a seller’s exports to imports from buyer.
14.Volkswagen 大众汽车公司
15.Xerox corporation 施乐公司（美国） 16.consignment 寄售 17.leasing trade 租赁贸易 Lesson10 1.debtor 债务人
2.financial standing 财务状况
3.credit worthiness 资信可靠状况 4.periodic payments 分阶段付款 5.cash in advance 预付现金
6.draft(the bill of exchange) 汇票：is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the
future.
7.drawer 出票人：the person who draws the draft. 8.drawee 受票人：the person to whom the draft is drawn. 9.payee 受款人：the person receiving the payment.
10.sight draft 即期汇票：calls for immediate payment on pesentation to the drawee.
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ance draft 远期汇票：(tender draft or term draft）payable at a later date
e.g 30、45、60、90 days after sight or date.
12.documentary draft 跟单汇票：the draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.
13.clean draft 光票 14.bill of lading 提单
15.documentary collection 跟单托收
16.D/P at sight 即期付款交单：requires immediate payment bu the importer to get hold of the documents .
17.D/P after sight.远期付款交单：gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents,but documents are not released to him until he actually pays fot the merchandise.
Lesson 11
1.applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to
issue an L/C. (the importer)
2.opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues
the credit.
3.beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favour the credit is opened.
4.correspondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country,
which the opening bank sends the credit to it.
5.advising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the
exporter the L/C, is received. 6.amendment修改
7.confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.
8.reimburse偿付 9.unit price单价
10.partial shipment分批装运 11.transshipment转运
12.the uniform customs and practice of documentary credits跟单信用证统一惯例
13.in favor of 以…为受益人的 14.the carrying vessel载货船只
15. The letter of Credit (L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the
request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
16.paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.
17.negotiating bank议付行: The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to
it. Lesson 12
1.clean credit光票信用证: The credits only require clean draft. 2.non-trade settlement非贸易结算
3. revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled
without consulting with the beneficiary.
4.irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credits can not be amended or
revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned. 5.maturity到期，满期 6.nationalize国有化
7.confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank.
8.leading bank (Prime bank, First rate bank)主要银行 9.sight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon
presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.
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ance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which
payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.
11.capital turnover资金周转 12.face value面值
13.transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the
original beneficiary to one or more parties.
14.non-transferable credit不可转让信用证: The credit can not
be transferred.
15.non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by
presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and
presenting a draft. 16.discount折扣
17.deferred payment延期付款
18.revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be
renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
19.insolvent无支付能力的
20.the documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping
documents to be presented together with the draft. a particular transaction一笔特定的交易 Lesson13
1. Documents单据
2. Documentation单据的制作或使用 3. Take delivery of提（货） 4. Commission佣金 5. Discount折扣
6. Shipping marks唛头、运输标记 7. Bill of lading提（货）单
8. Carrier承运人: The shipping company 9. Shipper货主、托运人、发货人
10. Consignor托运人11. Carriage运输，运费12. Consignee收货人
13. Notify party到货通知人、被通知人14. Payable应支付的、
可支付的15. Airway bill空运（提）单16. Railway bill收货单（铁路）
17. Insurance policy保险单（大保单）18. Insurance certificate保险单（小保单）19. Cargo receipt铁路运单、货运收据
20. Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the
quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter. 21. Legal holder合法持有人22. Customs invoice海关发票23. Consular invoice领事发票24. Consular visa 领事签证25. Shipping advice装船通知26. Certificate of quality品质证书27. Certificate of weight重量证书28. Certificate of quantity数量证书29. Certificate of health健康证书
30. Certificate of disinfection消毒证书31. Certificate of origin产地证书兽医证书
33. Packing list装箱单: The documents gives information such as the number, date,
name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages,specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.
34. Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee
is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill. 35. Port of shipment发货港、装运港、起运港
Lesson14
1. Finished products制成品
2. Deregulation放松管制 3. Productivity生产率
4. Cost economies节约成本、成本节约 5. Intermediate products中间产品、半成品 6. Natural product province自然产品领域 7. Inventory存货、库存 8. Logistics物流
9. Just-in-time inventory system零库存
10. Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies
committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.
11. Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between
transportation users and carriers (the transportation company). 自有承运人
13. Representative carriers代表性的运载工具14. Production approach生产方式
15. Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输: In broad sense,
transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one
location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business. 16. Carrier承运人
17. Shipper托运人= Consigner 18. Consignee收货人 Lesson 15
1. Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk. 2. Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance
company, the underwriter). 3. Claim索赔 4. Client客户，主顾 5. Margin保证金 6. Draw提取，支取 7. Jeopardy危险，风险 8. Literature文献，说明书 31
9. Underwriter保险公司
10. Known premium已知的保险费11. Pool统筹的资金，共同的款项
12. Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk
from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.
海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.
14. Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk
and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
15. Values exposed to loss损失的价值16. Release of funds腾出资金17. Broker经纪人
Lesson 16
1.Port of origin始发港 2. Voidable无效的
3.Indemnity赔偿原则: It holds that a contract of insurance is one, which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was before the loss occurred.
4. Ruin破产
5.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)
6. Terms of sale价格条件、买卖条款 7. All Risks全险、一切险、综合险
8. Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what
premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.
9. Subrogation代位求偿原则
10. Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure
twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.
11. Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is
made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered.
12. Forwarding charges转运费
13. F. P.A.平安险: Free from particular average 14.水渍险: With particular average 15. Adversely affected受到负面影响
16. Force majeure不可抗力: Social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contraction party.
Lesson 17
1.Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.
2.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.
3.Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价: An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.
4.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.
5.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.
6.Medial rate中间价：It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.
7.Gold standard金本位制：It under which countries pledged to change their paper currencies into gold when requested to do so.
8.Reserve currency储备货币：To reduce the demand for the dollar.
9.Special drawing right（SDRs）特别提款权：It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settled official transactions at the IMF.
10.lean float/Free float清洁浮动、自由浮动：the government takes no various measures to intervene in the price of its currency.
11.Managed float or dirty float管理浮动、肮脏浮动：the central banks takes no various measures to intervene in the price of its currency.
12.Discount（贴现）：a sum of money allowed for immediate payment of some due at later date.
13.Idle founds(游资)：They are the money held in the form of cash or held in idle balances
14.BOP国际收支: Balance of Payment statement of total payments to and the total receipts from foreign countries within a certain period of time.
15.IBRD国际复兴开发银行：International Bank of Reconstruction and Development Its loans are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth.
16.IMF 国际货币基金组织：International Monetary Fund Lesson 18
1.IDA国际发展协会: International Development Association 2.IFC国际金融公司: International Finance Corporation 3.BIS国际清算银行: The Bank for International Settlement 4.Quota of IMF份额: The deposit paid by each member to the IMF
5.MIGA多边投资担保机构: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. To encourage equity investment and other direct investment flows to developing countries.
6.World Bank Group世界银行集团:It is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and its three affiliates, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
7.Financial resources(资金[财政资源])：money, wealth which a person , country, company, etc. has or can use.
8.Private sector(私营经济部门)：in a mixed economy it is owned and operated by private enterprise, not by government department or public corporations.
9.Grace period(优惠期，宽限期)：the time period stipulated
in most loan contracts and insurance policies during which a late payment will not result in default or cancellation.
10.Capital infrastructure(基础设施)：stock of fixed capital equipment a country. Lesson19
1.Returns:收益
2.Customer mobility：顾客流动性
3.Inventory：存货the raw materials, work-in-process products and finished
goods that are considered to be the portion of a business's assets that are ready or will be ready for sale.
4.Tax holiday：免税期
5.Greenfield strategy：绿地战略Building new enterprises. 6.Acquisition:并购Purchasing existing facilities.
7.Join venture：合资企业A join venture is an independent bussiness entity
founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. Lesson20
1.Secondary capital market:二级资本市场Offers investors a place to trade those
securities.
2.The gilt-edged market:金边证券市场A large proportion of the government
spending is raised through income taxi VAT , corporation tax and other taxes.
However, a shortfall usually remains, which has to be met by borrowing, in order to balance the books. One of the ways the government meets the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks. Gilts are bought and sold in huge quantities, mainly by institutional investors.
3.The traded options market:期权交易市场
Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time. The Traded Options Market provides investors with means to hedge or protect their positions in underlying security by buying or selling an option. In addition to company securities, options are also available on gilts, currencies and indices.
4.The foreign equities market:外国股票市场
Foreign equities which refer to securities listed on overseas exchanges have become an increasingly important part of the business of securities firms whether or not these firms were members of the International Stock Exchange. PS（可以对照P278-279页翻译）
Lesson21
1.WTO : World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织 2.ITO : International Trade Organization 国际贸易组织 3.GAAT : General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定
4.GSP : Generalized System of Preferences 普惠制意
5.UNCTAD ：United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易和发展会议
6.MFN ：Most-favored-nation treatment 最惠国待遇 Lesson22
1.ECOSOC : Economic and Social Council 联合国经济和社会理事会
2.UN(United Nations) General Assembly 联合国大会 3.LDCs: Less Developed Countries 欠发达国家
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