剑桥国际英语教程 练习册 3

Contents

Acknowledgments 1 That's what friends are for! 2 Career moves 3 Could you do me a favor? 4 What a story! 5 Crossing cultures 6 What's wrong with it? 7 The world we live in 8 Lifelong learning 9 At your service 10 The past and the future 11 Life's little lessons 12 The right stuff 13 That's a possibility. 14 Behind the scenes 15 There should be a law! 16 Challenges and accomplishments vi 1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91

Acknowedgments

lllustrations Tim Foley 22, 26 Travis Foster 14, 88

Jeff Grunewald 31 (no. 2), 54 (nos. 1, 3, 4, 5)

Randy Jones 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 16, 18, 20, 25, 28, 29, 33, 44, 50, 51, 64, 65, 66, 73, 78, 85, 87, 96

Photo credits

2 © Jason Homa/Getty Images

9 (left to right, top to bottom) © Michael Nelson/Getty Images; © Patti & Milt Putnam/Corbis; © Morris Lane/Corbis; © Jo Hale/Getty Images; © Ariel Skelley/Corbis; © Lonnie Duka/Index Stock

12 (clockwise from top left) © Joe Cornish/Getty Images; © Picture Quest; © Stephen Simpson/Getty Images; © Peter Steiner/ Getty Images 17 © Dex Images, Inc./Corbis

19 (top to bottom) © Telegraph Colour Library/Getty Images; © M.P. Kahl/Photo Researchers

21 © Robert Ketchum

24 (left to right) © Michael Paras/International Stock Photography; © Jose L. Pelaez/Corbis; © James Davis/International Stock Photography; © Dan Bosler/Getty Images; © Dan Bosler/Getty Images

30 © Marc Serota/Reuters/Corbis

32 (left to right) © Getty Images; © Jackson Smith/Uniphoto 38 © William B. Folsom/Uniphoto 39 Courtesy of Greenpeace 40 © Nick David/Phetonica 41 © Max Hilaire/Getty Images 42 © A. Ramey/PhotoEdit

43 © David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit

45 © James Davis/International Stock Photography

46 © Ron Chapple/Getty Images; © Erik Dreyer/Getty Images; © Think Stock

47 © Don Smetzer/Getty Images; © Amwell/Getty Images; © Michael Phillip Manheim/International Stock Photography; © Robert E. Daemmrich/Getty Images 48 (top to bottom)© Ursula Markus/Photo Researchers; © Rob Lewine/Corbis

49 (top to bottom) © Phil Cantor/Index Stock; © Getty Images; © David Oliver/Getty Images 55 (top to bottom)© Archive Photos/Frank Driggs Collection; © Tom Stoddart/Katz/Woodfin Camp & Associates

Mark Kaufman 31 (all except no. 2), 34, 54 (nos. 2, 6) Ben Shannon 5, 84, 90, 94 Kevin Spaulding 13 (bottom)

Sam Viviano 8, 13 (top), 15, 23, 53, 59, 62, 76, 77, 86

56 (top to bottom) © Archive Photos; © John Beatty/Photo Researchers

57 © Dr. A.C. Twomey/Photo Researchers

58 (top to bottom) © David Hardy/Science Photo Library/ Photo Researchers; © Ed Wheeler/Corbis

60 (top)© Jose Pelaez Photography/Corbis; (bottom, left to right) © PunchStock; © Stockbyte; © Brand X Pictures/Alamy 61 © Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit 63 © Franck Fife/AFP/Getty Images 67 © R. Ian Lloyd/Masterfi]e 68 © Chet Gordon/ImageWorks

69 (left to right, top to bottom) © Thinkstock; © Robert Brenner/ PhotoEdit; © Richard Klune/Corbis; © Paul Almasy/Corbis; © Digital Vision; © age Fotostock 70 © Mark H. Milstein/Northfoto/Newscom

71 (clockwise from top left) © Advertisement used with permission from Ford; © advertisement used with permission from Kraft Foods; © advertisement used with permission from the American Automobile Association

74 (top to bottom) © Harald Sund/Getty Images; © Bettmann/Corbis; © Bettmann/Corbis 75 © Robert Hutchinson/Getty Images; (inset) © Keystone/ Getty Images 79 (left to right) © Lynn Goldsmith/Corbis; © Christopher Weil/Corbis

80 (left) © Paul Howell/Getty Images; (all others) © Gooseberry Farms, Westport, MA 81 © NMPFT/Topham-HIP/ImageWorks

82 (left to right) © Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images; © Jeff Greenberg/ ImageWorks 83 © Koren Ziv/Corbis Sygma

89 © Jim Hodson/FSG/Gamma Liaison

92 (left to right) © Mugshots/Corbis; © John Olsen/Corbis 93 © Yannis Kontos/Corbis Sygma

94 © Shin In Sup/Joongangilbo/EPN/Newscom 95 © Alamy

1 That's what friends are for!

1 Complete these descriptions with the words from the list. □√ intolerant

□ modest

□ temperamental □ sociable □ unreliable

1. My roommate is pretty intolerant. He's really close-minded and always has to have his way.

2. The Chans like meeting new people and having friends over for dinner. They're one of the most ________ couples I know.

3. You can't trust Jane. She always promises to do something, and then she never does it. She's pretty ________.

4. John is so ________! He always has such great ideas and never takes any credit for them. 5. I never know how to act around Tina! One minute she's in a good mood, and the next minute, she's in a bad mood. She's so ________. 2 Opposites

A Complete the chart by forming the opposites of the adjectives in the list. Use in- and un-. Then check your answers in a dictionary.

□√ ambitious

□ dependent □ popular □ sensitive

□ attractive □ experienced □ reasonable □ sociable

□ formal □ reliable □ tolerant

□√ competent

Opposites with in- Opposites with un- incompetent ________ unambitious ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

B Write four sentences using any of the words in part A.

Example: Fred is very ambitious at work, but he's inexperienced He still has a lot to learn. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ 3 Add who or that to the conversation where necessary. Put an × where who or that is not necessary.

A: I'm looking for someone × I can go on vacation with. B: Hmm. So what kind of person are you looking for?

A: I want to travel with someone ________ is easygoing and independent.

B: Right. And you'd probably also like a person ________ is reliable. A: Yeah, and I want someone ________ I know well. B: So why don't you ask me? A: You? I know you too well!

B: Ha! Does that mean you think I'm someone ________ is high-strung, dependent, and unreliable?

A: No! I'm just kidding. You're definitely someone ________ I could go on vacation with. So,... what are you doing in June?

4 Complete the sentences with who or that and your own information or ideas. 1. I generally like to go out with people who are easygoing and have a sense of humor. 2. I'd rather travel with someone ________. 3. I don't really want a roommate ________. 4. My classmates and I like teachers ________.

5. My best friend and I want to meet people ________. 6. Most workers would prefer a boss ________. 7. Some people don't like stingy types ________. 8. I don't want to have moody friends ________.

9. I feel comfortable discussing my problems with friends ________. 10. My favorite friends are people ________. 5 Signs of fashion

A Do you think your sign influences the way you dress? Read the Chinese horoscope chart. Because Chinese New Year falls in January or February, the sign for someone born in either month could be the sign for the preceding year. The Dog

1946 195819701982 1994 2006

You like it when people like you. If you are a woman, you are neat and very stylish. If you are a man, you are no different. The Rooster

1948 1957 1969 1981 1993 2005

Your hair is very important to you. Women who are born in these years always think first about their hair, and they don't care about their wardrobe. If you are a man, you are very similar. The Monkey

1944 1956 1968 1980 1992 2004

If you are a woman, you have a large wardrobe, and you like to impress people with your choice of clothes. If you are a man, you don't worry too much about what you wear. The Goat

1943 1955 1967 1979 1991 2003

If you are a woman, you love to dress in style and with taste, and you have a very large closet. If you are a man, you really like to wear designer clothes. The Pig

1947 1959 1971 1983 1995 2007

Whether you are a man or a woman, you love dressing up. You are sociable, and you like to go to parties to show off your new clothes. If others don't notice them, you get upset. The Horse

1942 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002

You like elegance, and you follow the latest fashions. If you are a woman, you know this already; however, if you are a man, it may take you a while to realize this. The Rat

1948 1960 1972 1984 1996 2008

If you are a woman, you don't dress to impress people. But you like it when people notice your charm. If you are a man, you often wear what you threw on the floor the night before. The Snake

1941 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001

Women like to wear a lot of jewelry and other accessories. If you are a man, you think carefully about what you wear, and you have very good taste. The Buffalo

1949 1961 1973 1985 1997 2009

You are a practical woman. You like to wear functional clothes during the day and dress much more colorfully at night. If you are a man, you are simply not interested in clothes. The Tiger

1958 1962 197419861998 2010

You are the kind of woman who likes to wear strong colors or an unusual piece of jewelry. If you are a man, you like it when you dress differently from other men. When others have suits on, you'll wear jeans and a sweater. The Rabbit

1939 1951 1963 1975 1987 1999

Women usually have lovely hair and like beautiful things. They choose clothes carefully. Men are fussy about dressing and follow the latest trends. The Dragon

1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000

You are the kind of person who likes people to notice you, so you sometimes wear unusual clothes. Also, you often have trouble finding comfortable shoes, so you like to go barefoot.

B Find the year of your birth and sign. What does it say about you? Do you agree? What do you think the signs for these people could be?

1. Steve's friends think he wears strange clothes. His favorite outfit is a bright red jacket with green'pants and a purple tie. Sign: ________

2. Wanda loves to wear new clothes when she goes out. However, she gets really annoyed when people don't compliment her on what she's wearing. Sign: ________

3. Carl is the sort of man who doesn't pay much attention to his clothes, but his hair always looks great. He goes to the best salon in town. Sign: ________

4. Stephanie is someone who always wears extremely bright colors. She also usually wears an interesting necklace and earrings. Sign: ________

C Do you ever read your horoscope? Do you believe what it says or do you read it just for fun?

6 Match the clauses in column A with the most suitable clauses in column B. A B 1. I like it a. when someone criticizes me in front of other people. 2. I don't mind it b. when people are easygoing and friendly. 3. It upsets me c. when rich people are stingy.

4. It embarrasses me d. when people are a few minutes late for an appointment.

7 Write sentences about these situations. Use the expressions in the box.

I love it... I can't stand it... I don't like it ,,. It's so irritating... It bothers me... I don't mind it,.. I really like it ... It makes me happy,.. It embarrasses me... 1. It's so irritating when someone jumps in front of me in a line. 2. _________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________

8 What are some things you like and don't like about people? Write two sentences about each of the following. Use the ideas in the pictures and your own ideas.

1. What I really like:

I love it when someone is generous and gives me flowers. It makes me happy when 2. What I don't like:

It bothers me when 3. What really doesn't bother me:

I really don't mind it when 4. What upsets or embarrasses me:

It upsets me when 9 It really bugs me!

Choose one of the things from Exercise 8 that really embarrasses, bothers, or upsets you. Write two short paragraphs about it. In the first paragraph, describe the situation. In the second paragraph, say why this situation is difficult for you and describe a situation you would prefer. It really embarrasses me when someone is too generous to me Receotly, I dated a guy who was always , giving me things. For my birthday, he bought me anew CD playe, and he treated me to dinner and a movie. The problem is, I don t have enough money to treat him in the same way prefer to date someone I have more in commonwith In fact, my idea/ boyfriend is someone who is sensible and saves his money!

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. 1. I can tell Simon anything, and I know he won't tell anyone else. I can really ________ him to be reliable. (believe / treat / trust)

2. Rita is always criticizing people. She's so ________ —she can never find anything positive to say about anyone. (intolerant / moody / supportive)

3. It bothers me when people are indirect. I prefer people who are ________. (irritating / rude / straightforward)

4. I like it when someone expresses strong ________. Hearing other people's views can really make you think. (accomplishments / conversationalists / opinions) 5. Jackie is very rich, but she only spends her money on herself. She's very ________. (generous / modest / stingy)

2 Career moves

1 What's your job ?

A Match the jobs with their definitions.

A/An... is a person who…

1. air traffic controller f a. advises people about personal or professional problems 2. choir director __ b. creates pages with text and graphics for the Internet 3. counselor __ c. conducts or leads a group of singers 4. pharmacist __ d. supplies medicine and advises people about how to take it 5. veterinarian __ e. specializes in giving medical treatment to animals 6. Web designer __ f. uses a radio to direct the safe movement of airplanes B Write a definition for each of these jobs: accountant, architect, and fashion designer. 1. An accountant is someone who 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 2 Challenging or frightening?

A Which words have a positive meaning and which ones have a negative meaning? Write P or N.

awful N fantastic __ boring __ fascinating __ challenging __ frightening __ dangerous __ interesting __ difficult __ rewarding __

B Write about three jobs you know. Use the words in part A and gerund phrases. Example: I think studying ancient cultures, people, and places could be dangerous! 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________

3 Career choices

A Match each career and the most appropriate job responsibility. Careers Job responsibilities work for an airline do research with computers teach discipline and fitness as a high school coach learn new software programs be a university professor spend a lot of time alone a writer travel to different countries

B Use the information from part A and gerund phrases to complete this conversation. Ann: So, what kind of career would you like, Tom?

Tom: Well, I'm not exactly sure. Being a writer could be interesting. Maybe writing articles for magazines.

Ann: Hmm. I don't know if I'd like that because I'd hate ________ and always being inside. Tom: What do you want to do, then?

Ann: Well, I'm net sure, either! I'd love ________. I'd really enjoy being with teenagers all day and ________ . On the other hand, I'd be interested in ________. Tom: Really? What would you like about that? Ann: Well, I'd love ________ all over the world.

Tom: Oh, I could never do it! I think it would be very tiring work.

C Write a short conversation like the one in part B. Use the remaining information in part A or your own ideas.

A: So what kind of career would you like? B: Well, I'm not exactly sure. ________

A: That sounds interesting. But I wouldn't like it because ________ B: What do you want to do, then? A: Well, I'd love ________ B: ________ A: ________ 4 What a job!

A Read the magazine interviews. Write the correct job title above each interview, and underline the words and phrases that helped you find the answer. Tell us about your job

orchestra conductor self-empioyed builder house painter musician

graphic designer freelance artust 1. ________

All my friends seem to earn more than I do. I suppose it's easier if you have a 9 to 5 job. I work on people's houses and manage construction sites all day. I stay pretty fit doing that, and I

enjoy being outside. But in the evenings, I have to make phone calls and do paperwork. It never seems to end! 2. ________

Working for yourself is hard because you are responsible for everything. If no one calls you and asks you to work for them, you have to go out and look for work. Luckily, I now have some regular clients. I paint pictures for some expensive hotels. Right now, I'm doing some paintings for the rooms of a new hotel in Hawaii. 3. ________

My friends say my work is less demanding than theirs, but I work just as hard as they do. I spend a lot of time alone because myjob can't begin until all the construction work is completed. Usually, the rooms look great when I've finished my work. Sometimes customers choose really ugly colors, but I have to do what they want. 4. ________

The musicians I lead are extremelyt and we work together to make sure they sound as good as possible. We often work

evenings and weekends, and we travel a lot. Working with a large number of people can be challenging, and it really bothers me if someone is moody because it affects everyone else. B Which of these jobs would you most enjoy doing? Why?

5 First, use words from the list to complete the name of each job title. Then choose the best expressions to compare the jobs in each sentence. □ assistant □ decorator □ instructor □ painter □ sitter □ speaker □ ranger □ walker

1. A baby- sitter doesn't earn as much as a teacher. □ as much as □ greater than □ worse than 2. A chef's ________ has ________ a waiter.

□ as bad hours as □ not as good hours as □ worse hours than 3. A dog ________ is ________ a student intern.

□ more interesting than □ not as boring as □ better paid than 4. A house ________ earns ________ a camp counselor. □ as bad as □ more than □ not more than 5. A park ________ is ________ a landscaper.

□ as bad as □ not as well paid as □ worse than 6. Being a yoga ________ is ________ being a professor. □ more than □ as much as □ not as difficult as

7. Being an interior ________ is ________ being a sales assistant. □ greater than □ earns more than □ more interesting than 8. A public ________ has ________ an office worker.

□ fewer hours than □ not more than □ not as long as

6 Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions. □ as □ at □ in □ on □ with

1. Wai-man works ________ the best Chinese restaurant in Vancouver. 2. I think working ________ other people is more fun than working alone. 3. I would hate working ________ the media. It would be nerve-racking! 4. Working ________ a dance instructor sounds great.

5. Working ________ an office is less interesting than working a cruise ship. 7 Use the words in parentheses to compare the jobs. Assistant needed at an outdoor

swimming pool. Must be able to swim. Responsible for keeping pool and changing rooms clean. $6/hour. Tues.—Fri. 12—7. Learn Web design!

In search of a bright young person to work as an intern for an advertising agency. Some clerical work. $8/hour. Mon.—Fri. 9—5.

1. A: An assistant at a swimming poo/ has shorter hours than an intern. (shorter hours) B: Yes, but working as an intern is more interesting than being a swimming pool assistant. (interesting)

Travel agency needs energetic people. Knowledge of a second language is a plus. Mostly answering the phone. $10/hour. Flexibie hours. Three vacation days.

Tutors in math, science, English, and music wanted at private summer school. Challenging work with gifted teenagers. Salary negotiable. Mon.—Sat. 3—7.

2. A: Working in a (better benefits) B: Yes, but working ________________________________________(challenging)

Tennis instructor needed at summer camp for 12- and 13-year-aids. Must be excellent tennis player and good with kids. $12/hour. Mon.-Fri. 1-7.

Tour company seeks guide to lead bus tours. Great attitude and good speaking voice a must! Fun work, but must be willing to work long hours. $15/hour. 3. A: ________ (not/much) B: ________ (longer hours)

City seeks taxi drivers for morning shift. No experience necessary; driver's license required. $10/hour plus tips. Mon.-Thu. 7 A.M.-2 P.M.

Office assistant required in small, friendly office. Computer skills an advantage. Interesting work. Some management skills necessary. $15/hour. 6-day week. 4. A: ________ (a shorter work week B: ________ (less boring)

8 Choose four pairs of jobs to compare. Say which job you would prefer and give two reasons.

■ a graphic designer/a TV news director ■ an architect/a teacher ■ a doctor/a dentist

■ a conductor/a musician ■ a gardener/a landscaper ■ a typist/a Web designer

■ working on a construction site/ working in an office ■ being self-employed/working for a company

Example: Working as a TV news director sounds more interesting than being a graphic designer. A TV news director has more responsibility than a graphic designer. Also, directing the news is better paid. 1. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

3 Could you do me a favor?

1 Would you mind... ?

A Complete the request for each situation.

1. You want to borrow a dollar from a friend for a cup of coffee. Can I borrow a dollar for a cup of coffee? 2. You want a classmate to give you a ride home after class. Would you mind 3. You want to turn down your roommate's TV. Is it OK if ___________________________ 4. You want to use a friend's cell phone.

Do you mind if ________________________

5. You want to borrow a friend's car for the weekend. Would it be OK if ______________________________ 6. You want someone to tell you how to get to the subway. I was wondering if _______________________________

B Think of four things you would need to have done if you were going on a long vacation. Write requests asking a friend to do the things.

Example: Could you water the plants? 1. ______________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________

2 Accept or decline these requests. For requests you decline, give excuses. Use the expressions in the box or expressions of your own. Accepting Declining That's OK, I guess. Sorry, but... I'd be glad to. I'd like to, but... Fine. No problem.

1. A: Can I use your computer? I have to type a paper.

B: Sorry, but I'm going to use it myself in a few minutes. 2. A: I've just finished this ten-page paper. Could you check it for me, please?

B: ____________________________________________________________________ 3. A: I wonder if I could stay at your place for a week while my landlord fixes the roof. B: ____________________________________________________________________ 4. A: Would you mind if I used your cell phone to make a long-distance call to Nigeria? B: ____________________________________________________________________

3 Look at the pictures and write the conversations. Speaker A makes a request Speaker B declines it. Each speaker should give a reason.

1. A: I was wondering if you'd mind carrying these suitcases for me. I have a bad back. B: Sorry, but I have a bad back, too. 2. A: __________________________________________________________________ B: __________________________________________________________________

3. A: _____________________________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________________________ 4 Getting what you want

A Read the magazine article about making requests. Requests that get RESULTS

There are many different ways of making requests. For example, if someone wants to borrow a dollar, he or she can say:

\"Could you lend me a dollar?\" \"Do you have a dollar?\"

\"You don't have a dollar, do you?\"

How does a person know which request to use? Language researchers have suggested that speakers must make several important decisions. First, they must consider the other person's feelings because requests can sometimes cause embarrassment to both the speaker and the listener. If the speaker thinks the listener will accept the request, he or she will probably use a less formal request; however, if the speaker thinks the listener may decline the request, he or she will probably use a fairly formal request. The listener then has to make a choice either to accept or refuse the request. If he or she refuses, then both the speaker and the listener might be embarrassed.

In addition, speakers must decide how well they know the person they are requesting something from and choose a suitable question.If the speaker knows the listener well, one of several types of requests can be used. For example:

1. Make a statement with need: \"I need a dollar.\" 2. Use an imperative: \"Please lend me a dollar.\" 3. Use a question: \"Do you have a dollar?\"

If the speaker doesn't know the listener well, one of several types of requests can be used instead. For example:

4. Ask about ability:. \"Could/Can you lend me a dollar?\" 5. Be polite—use may: \"May I borrow a dollar?\"

6. Ask for permission: \"Would it be OK if I borrowed a dollar?\" 7. Express curiosity:. \"I wonder if I could borrow a dollar.\"

8. State the request negatively: \"I don't suppose you could lend me a dollar.\" 9. Apologize: \"I hope you don't mind my asking you for a dollar?\" 10. Give a hint: \"I wish I had a dollar.\"

Knowing how to make requests means knowing different types of requests as well as when each type of request is appropriate.

B Check (√) if each request is less formal or more formal. Then write the correct number from the article (1—10) for each type of request. 1. Close the door. 2. It's really cold in here. 3. Could you possibly move your car? 4. May I borrow your dictionary? 5. I wonder if you could help me with this assignment. Less formal □ □ □ □ □ More formal □ □ □ □ □ Type ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 6. I need some help moving to my new apartment. □ □ ____ C When do you usually use each type of request? Which of the ten types of requests described in the article do you use most often? least often?

__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5 Nouns and verbs

A Complete this chart. Then check your answers in a dictionary. Noun Verb apology apologize compliment ___________ explanation ___________ Noun Verb invitation _______ permission _______ request _______ B Check (√) the phrase that describes what each person is doing. 1. I really like your new haircut. □ giving a reason

□ giving a compliment

2. Don't worry, I know you didn't mean to break it. □ returning a favor □ accepting an apology 3. Can I borrow your laptop? □ asking for a favor □ giving a gift

4. I can't lend you my bike because I need it myself. □ denying a request

□ accepting an invitation

5. I was wondering if you'd mind helping me cook dinner. □ making a request

□] returning a compliment

6 Choose the correct words.

1. My phone didn't work for a week. The phone company ________ an apology and took $20 off my bill. (accepted / denied / offered)

2. A friend of mine really loves to ________ compliments, but he never gives anyone else one. I don't understand why he's like that. (do / owe / receive)

3. Carol is always talking on the phone. She makes a lot of calls, but she rarely ________ mine. Maybe she never listens to her voice mail! (makes / offers / returns )

4. I need to ________ a favor. Could you please give me a ride to school tomorrow? My bike has a flat tire! (ask for / give / turn down)

7 Use these messages to complete the phone conversations. Use indirect requests. 1

MESSAGE:

Eric,

Kevin called this morning, Can he borrow your DVD player? If yes. when could he pick it up ? 2

MESSAGE:

Rosa,

Anita called. Her flight arrives at 7 P.M. on Tuesday. Please meet her in the International Arrivals area. 3

MESSAGE:

Alex,

Judy called yesterday. The class revnion is on Saturday at 8 P.M. Don't forget your digital camera. 4

MESSAGE:

Jenny

Philip called earlier. Are you going to the movie tonight ? When dose it start? Call him.

1. A: Is Rosa there, please?

B: No, she isn't. Would you like to leave a message?

A: Yes, please. This is Anita calling from Toronto. Could you tell her that my flight arrives at 7 P.M. on Tuesday? Would ________? B: OK, I'll give her the message. 2. A: Can I speak to Eric, please?

B: I'm afraid he's not here. Do you want to leave a message?

A: Yes, please. This is Kevin. Please ________. And if it's OK, could you ________? B: Sure, I'll leave him the message. 3. A: Could I speak to Alex, please? B: I'm sorry, but he's not here right now.

A: Oh, OK. This is Judy. I'd like to leave a message. Could ________? Can ________? B: OK, Judy, I'll give him your message. 4. A: I'd like to speak to Jenny, please.

B: She's not here right now. Can I take a message?

A: Yeah. This is Philip. Can ________? And would _______? Oh, and please ________? B: OK, Philip, I'll give Jenny your message.

8 Complete the conversation with the information in the box. Add any words necessary and use the correct form of the verbs given.

□ ask Jill to get some soda □ bring a big salad □ borrow some money □ can buy dessert

□ don't be late □√ borrow your CD player

Chris: So, is there anything I can do to help?

Len: Yeah. Would it be OK if I borrowed your CD player ? We need good stereo sound at the party.

Chris: Sure. And I'll bring some CDs. I have some great party music. Len: Thanks.

Chris: No problem. Now, what about food?

Len: Well, I thought maybe a salad. Would you mind ________, too?

Chris: Well, OK. And, how about drinks?

Len: Well, I was also wondering if you'd mind ________. And please tell her ________. Last time we had a party, she didn't arrive till eleven o'clock, and everyone got really thirsty! Chris: I remember.

Len: One more thing, I wonder if you ________.

Chris: Um, sure. All right. But, uh, would you mind if I ________ to pay for it?

9 Rewrite these sentences. Find another way to say each sentence using the words given.

1. Can I use your cell phone?

Would it be OK if I used your cell phone? (OK) 2. Please ask Penny to stop by and talk to me.

__________________________________ (would) 3. Could I borrow your guitar?

____________________________________(wonder) 4. Would you ask Adam what time he's coming over?

____________________________________(could / when) 5. Lend me your hairbrush.

____________________________________(mind)

4 What a story!

1 Complete these news stories using the verbs from the list.

□disappearing □ happened □ reported □√ carrying

□ □ had □ missed □ said 1. Aircraft in Near Collision

On Tuesday, a jumbo jet that was carrying 382 passengers and an Air Force plane ________ each other by 15 meters in mid-air over the Atlantic Ocean. A spokesperson for the airline company, which ________ the near miss in a statement yesterday, said the incident ________ so quickly that neither pilot ________ time to take evasive action. \"There was no warning whatsoever,\" ________ the captain of the jumbo jet. He looked out of the window and saw the tail of the Air Force plane as it was ________ into the clouds □ felt □ got □ passing □ said □ turned

□ gave □ jogging □ realized □ thought

2. JOGGER GETS A SHOCK

A jogger ________ the shock of his life when he was ________ around a city park on Saturday. \"As I was ________ under a large tree, I ________ something drop on me,\" he recalled. \"At first, I ________ it was a branch, but then I it was a snake! I couldn't believe it! Then the guy running ahead of me ________ around and saw it slide off. The snake wasn't particularly

big, but it ________ me quite a shock all the same.\" A snake expert ________ the snake was probably a python, which is non-poisonous.

2 Join each sentence in column A with an appropriate sentence in column B. Use as, when, or while to join the sentences. A B I was crossing the road. My racquet broke. I was using my computer. A car nearly hit me. We were playing tennis. The water went cold. I was taking a shower, I burned my finger. I was cooking dinner. It suddenly stopped working. 1. As I was crossing the road, a car nearly bit me. 2. _____________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ 4. _____________________________________ 5. _____________________________________

3 Complete these conversations. Use the past tense or the past continuous of the verbs given.

1. A: I'm sorry I'm so late, Kathy. I was at the dentist.

B: Don't tell me! While you were sitting (sit) in the waiting room, you ________ (meet) someone interesting. I know how you are, Tom!

A: Well, you're wrong this time. The dentist ________ (clean) my teeth when she suddenly

________ (get) called away for an emergency. So I just sat there waiting for two hours with my mouth hanging open!

2. A: Guess what happened to me last night! As I ________ ________ (get) into bed, I ________ (hear) a loud noise like a gunshot in the street. Then the phone ________ (ring). B: Who was it?

A: It was Mariana. She always calls me late at night, but this time she had a reason. She ________ (drive) right past my apartment when she ________ (get) a flat tire. It was very late, so while we ________ (change) the tire, I ________ (invite) her to spend the night. 4 Lost and found

A Read this newspaper story.

Fishermen found safe and sound

Three Taiwanese fishermen were rescued yesterday from a small uninhabited island in the South Pacific. The men had disappeared for more than three months.

They had left Taiwan in a small fishing boat and had planned a week-long trip. On their fifth day, however, they encountered a typhoon, and it badly damaged their boat.

Fortunately, no one was hurt. After the storm had passed, though, they discovered that the engine wouldn't start, se their boat just drifted at sea for over a month. During this time, the fishermen caught fish to eat and drank rain water to stay alive.

Finally, the boat drifted toward a small island. When it got close enough, the men jumped out and swam to shore. On the island, they found fresh fruit and vegetables, and they continued to catch fish to eat.

The fishermen had lived on the island for two months when a passing ship rescued them. Although the three men had lost a lot of weight, they were still in fairly good shape. Their families feared that the fishermen had died during the typhoon. They were surprised and happy that the ship had found them and that they were safe and sound. B Answer these questions.

1. How long were the fishermen missing? __________________________________ 2. How long had they planned to be away? __________________________________ 3. What happened to the boat in the storm? __________________________________ 4. What did they do to stay alive?

__________________________________ 5. How were they rescued?

__________________________________

C What do you think the fishermen did all day on the boat for a month? for two months on the island? What would you do?

5 Imagine you got lost like the men in Exercise 4. Write two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, describe how you got lost In the second, say how you got home.

Where were you when you got lost? What were you doing? How long were you lost?

How did you find your way back?

Were you rescued? How?

A couple of years ago, I got lost in the ____________________________________

mountains. I was hiking when it suddenly ____________________________________

got foggy. I was really frightened because I ____________________________________

couldn't see anything, ,and it was getting ____________________________________

cold. I decided to put up my tent and stay ____________________________________

there for the night. ____________________________________

While l was putting up my tent, ____________________________________

though the fog began to clear… ____________________________________

____________________________________

6 Choose the correct verbs to complete the story. Grammer note: After

In sentences using after that show one past event occurring before another, the clause

with after usually uses the past perfect.

After the storm had passed, they discovered that the engine wouldn't start.

Bob and I had just gotten (just got / had just gotten) engaged, so we went to a jewelry store to buy a wedding ring. We ________(just chose / had just chosen) a ring when a man with a gun ________(came in / had came in). After the robber ________(took / had taken) Bob's wallet, he ________(demanded / had demanded) the ring. I ________ (just handed / had just handed) it to him when the alarm ________(started / had started) to go off, and the robber ________(ran off/had run off) . We were so relieved! But then the sales assistant ________(told / had told) us we had to pay for the ring because I ________(gave / had given) it to the robber. We ________(just told / had just told) her that we wouldn't pay for it when the police ________ (arrived / had arrived)and________(arrested / had arrested) us! What a terrible experience! 7 What a story!

A Choose the best headline for each of these news stories. What a disaster!

What a predicament! What an emergency! What a triumph! What a lucky break! 1. ________

Joan Smith was seven months pregnant when she and her husband, Hank. went on vacation to a small. remote island off the coast of South America. The first night. Joan was in a lot of pain. There were no doctors on the island, and the hotel where they were staying didn't even have a phone. Hank had almost given up when he finally found the only phone on the island. He called a hospital on the mainland, and half an hour later a helicopter picked Joan up and took her to the hospital just in time for her to have a beautiful baby girl. 2. ________

Victoria Peters was very sick for several months before her final exams this summer. She simply couldn't study at all. Her parents suggested she should skip a year and take the exams the next summer. Remarkably, Victoria got well suddenly just before the exams, spent the next two weeks studying, and got the highest grade in her class!

3. ________

Jesse Peterson had waited years for a promotion. Finally, a week ago, he was offered the position he had always wanted—Regional Manager. On the same day, however, he won $6 million in the lottery. Jesse's wife wants him to resign from his job and take her on a trip around the world. Jesse says he cannot decide what to do.

B Look at the words in bold. What do you think they mean?

remote ________ skip ________ promotion ________ mainland ________ remarkably ________ resign ________

8 Complete the sentences. Use the simple past, the past continuous, or the past perfect of the verbs given.

1. After an art show opened (open) in New York, it was discovered that someone ________ (hang) a famous painting by Henri Matisse upside-down.

2. In 1960, a Turkish diver ________ (discover) the remains of a 3,000-year-old shipwreck while he ________ (dive) for sponges off the coast of southwest Turkey.

3. A big earthquake ________ (strike) central Taiwan in 1999. Such a dangerous earthquake ________ (not strike) the area for many years.

4. In 2003, Italian workers ________ (find) important archaeological remains while they ________ (construct) a new parking lot in Vatican City. There were mosaics dating from A.D. 54—68.

9 Read this situation. Then use the information and clues to complete the chart. Write the name of each reporter and each country. (You will leave one square in the chart blank.) Ms. Anderson Ms. Benson Mr. Jackson Mr. Marks Mr. Swire

Five news reporters—two women and three men—arrived for an international conference on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. No more than two people came on the same day. The reporters came from five different countries. Clues

The women: Ms. Anderson and Ms. Benson The men: Mr. Jackson, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Swire

The countries: Australia, Canada, Italy, Singapore, and the United States The arrivals:

■Mr. Swire arrived late at night. No one else had arrived that day.

■Ms. Anderson and Mr. Marks arrived on the same day. The man from Singapore had arrived the day before.

■The reporters from Italy and Australia arrived on the same day.

■Mr. Jackson and the woman from Italy arrived on Tuesday, after Mr. Marks.

■The reporter from Australia had arrived the day after the person from the United States. ■Mr. Marks is from North America but not the United States. Reporters' countries and arrival days Sunday Monday Tuesday Name: ________ Country: ________ Name: ________ Country: ________ Name: _________ Country: _________ Name: _______ Country: _______ Name: _______ Country: _______ Name: ________ Country: ________

5 Crossing cultures

1 Complete these sentences. Use words from the list.

□ confident □ depressed □√ embarrassed □ fascinated □ uncomfortable

1. In my country, people never leave tips. So when I first went abroad, I kept forgetting to tip waiters. I felt really embarrassed. 2. The first time I traveled abroad, I felt really ________.

I was alone, I didn't speak the language, and I didn't make any friends.

3. I just spent a year in France learning to speak French. It was a satisfying experience, and I

was ________ by the culture.

4. At first I really didn't like shopping in the open-air markets. I felt ________ because so

many people were trying to sell me something at the same time.

5. When I arrived in Lisbon, I was nervous because I couldn't speak any Portuguese. As I

began to learn the language, though, I became more ________ about living there.

2 Respond to the questions about traveling. Write complete sentences using one thing, the (only) thing, or something.

1. Would you be nervous about being far away from your family?

One thing I'd be nervous about is being far away from my family, OR Being far away from my family is something I'd be comfortable with. 2. Would you feel insecure about traveling alone?

____________________________________________________ 3. Would you be enthusiastic about making new Diends?

____________________________________________________ 4. Would you be curious about the way people live in other places? ____________________________________________________ 5. Would you be anxious about spending too much money?

____________________________________________________ 3 I'd be anxious...

A Imagine you are going to travel to a country you have never visited before. Write sentences using the factors and feelings given. Then add another sentence explaining your feelings.

Factors Feelings public transportation anxious (about) the architecture comfortable (with) the climate curious (about) the food enthusiastic (about) the language fascinated (by) the money nervous (about) the music uncertain (about) the people my age uncomfortable (with) worried (about) Example:

Public transportation is something I'd be anxious about. I'd be afraid of getting lost. 1. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

B Are most of your feelings about traveling to a foreign country positive or negative? Why? 4 Culture shock!

A What two main differences have you noticed between your own culture and another one? B Read this article from a student travel Web site. Does the article make you think of any other differences?

Each society has its own beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, and social habits. These give people a sense of who they are, how they are supposed to behave, and what they should or should not do.

People become conscious of such rules when they meet people from different cultures. For example, the rules about when to eat vary from culture to culture. Many North Americans and Europeans organize their timetables around three mealtimes a day. In other countries, on the other hand, it's not the custom to have strict rules like this—people eat when they want to, and every family has its own timetable.

When people visit or live in a country for the first time, they are often surprised at the differences that exist between their own culture and the culture in the other country. For some people, traveling abroad is the thing they enjoy most in life; for others, though, cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable, frightened, or even insecure. This is known as \"culture shock.\" When you're visiting a foreign country, it is important to understand and appreciate cultural differences. This can help people avoid misunderstandings, developfriendships more easily, and feel more comfortable when traveling or living abroad.

Here are several things to do in order to avoid culture shock.

1. Avoid quick judgments; try to understand people in another culture from their own point of view. 2. Become aware of what is going on around you, and why.

3. Don't think of your cultural habits as \"right\" and other people's as \"wrong.\" 4. Be willing to try new things and to have new experiences. 5. Try to appreciate and understand other people's values.

6. Think about your own culture and how it influences your attitudes and actions. 7. Avoid having negative stereotypes about foreigners and cultures.

8. Show interest in as well as respect, sincerity, acceptance, and concern for things that are important to other people. misunderstandings, develop friendships more easily, and feel more comfortable when traveling or living abroad.

C Use your own words to write definitions for these words. 1. culture ________

2. culture shock ________ 3. stereotypes ________

D Choose two pieces of advice in the reading that you think are the most important for avoiding culture shock. Why do you think they are especially important? Advice Why it is important _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

5 Complete these sentences giving information about customs in a country you know.

1. If you go for a long ride in a friend's car,

it's the custom to offer to pay some of the expenses. 2. When a friend graduates from school or college, __________________________________________ 3. If you borrow something from a friend,

___________________________________________ 4. When a friend invites you to dinner,

___________________________________________ 6 Contrasting customs

A Read the information about the different customs and find four pairs of countries with contrasting customs. Write the countries in the blanks below. Country Brazil Denmark Egypt France Japan New Zealand Spain United States Custom Friends kiss each other three or four times on the cheeks as a greeting. People generally arrive on time for most occasions. People allow their hosts to treat them to meals in restaurants. Service is usually included in the price of a meal in restaurants. People bow when they see or meet someone they know. People usually pay for their own meals in restaurants. People usually arrive late for most appointments. People leave a tip of 15-20 percent in restaurants. 1. Brazil and Japan 3. __________________ 2. __________________ 4. __________________

B Read these six cross-cultural situations. Write sentences describing what the visitors did wrong. Use the expressions in the box. you're (not) supposed to you're (not) expected to

it's (not) the custom to it's (not) acceptable to

1. Hanne is from Denmark. When she was on vacation in Spain, some Spanish friends invited her to dinner at 9:00. She arrived at exactly 9:00, but her friends had not even arrived home yet.

In Spain, you're expected to 2. Marylou is from the United States. During her first week in Paris, she went to a restaurant with some new friends. She was so happy with the service that she left a tip of 20 percent. Her friends were really embarrassed.

In France, 3. Peter is from New Zealand. When he went to Egypt, he was invited to dinner at a restaurant. When the bill came, he offered to pay for his dinner. His Egyptian friend was pretty upset.

In Egypt, 4. Susana is from Brazil. She was working for a year in Osaka, Japan. One day, when she saw a Japanese co-worker in a bookstore, she went to say hello and kissed him on the cheeks. Her friend was shocked and embarrassed and left the store quickly.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Adam is from Canada. He was on vacation in Bali, Indonesia, and some new friends invited him to a temple to watch a special dance performance. He arrived on time wearing a clean T-shirt and shorts, but they said he couldn't go inside the temple because he wasn't dressed properly.

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7 What advice would you give travelers with these problems and worries? Use the expressions in the box.

One thing to remember is... One thing visitors often don't realize is... Something to keep in mind is... Something to consider is... 1. A: I'd really miss my family.

B: One thing to remember is that international phone calls are usually cheaper on weekends. 2. A: I often get a stomachache when I go abroad.

B: _______________________________________________________________________ 3. A: I'd feel nervous about carrying lots of cash around with me.

B: _______________________________________________________________________ 4. A: I think I'd get suspicious about the prices of some things.

B: _______________________________________________________________________ 5. A: I wouldn't be very sure of myself.

B: _______________________________________________________________________ 8 Write about living in a foreign country. In the first two paragraphs, write about two things you would enjoy and two things you might worry about. In the third

paragraph, write about the country's customs.

If I lived in Colombia, I'd enjoy learning about the music scene—the local bands and singers who are popular there. Another thing I'd fascinated by is… However, one thing that I'd be nervous about is … I've heard that when you visit someone, it's the custom to...

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6 What's wrong with it?

cracked dented leaking scratched stained torn A What can be wrong with these things? Put these words in the correct categories. (Most words go in more than one category.)

blouse car carpet chair mug pitcher plate sink window chipped B Whatis wrong with these things? Use the words in part A to write a sentence about each one.

1. The car is scratched. OR There's a scratch on the car. 2. __________________ ____________________ 3. __________________ ____________________ 4. __________________ ____________________ 5. __________________ ____________________ 6. __________________ ____________________ 7. __________________ ____________________ 8. __________________ ____________________ 9. __________________ ____________________

2 Problems, problems, problems!

A Have you ever bought something that didn't work right? What did you do about it? Have you ever had a problem getting a refund? What happened?

B Read about these problems described in Consumer magazine. Consumer Magazine Sharon's laptops

Sharon Kurtz is a freelance writer who works at home. She bought a laptop from Star Superstore, a discount computer center. When she took it home, she discovered that the screen was fuzzy. The store agreed to exchange it. When a new laptop was delivered to her home, Sharon found that the outside cover was scratched. Again, she complained, so the store offered her a third computer, but this one didn't work right, either. Some of the keys on the keyboard were loose. She was offered a fourth laptop, but it crashed a week after she started using it.

At this point, Sharon got angry and contacted Consumer magazine. We wrote Star Superstore a letter explaining that Sharon was losing work because of all the computer problems. The store offered Sharon a full refund plus $1,000 for all the inconvenience she had suffered. Chris's car

Chris Hill thought his troubles were over when the police found his stolen car, but in fact his problems were only just beginning. The engine was badly damaged, and it needed to be replaced at a cost of $2,300. In addition, the locks were broken, and they needed to be repaired at a cost of $400. Chris's insurance company told him that he would have to pay 40 percent of the cost of the new engine ($920). They argued that the new engine would add 40 percent to the value of his car. However, Chris did not believe this.

Chris knew that the value of a used car depends mainly on its age, so he contacted Consumer magazine. One of our lawyers asked the insurance company to prove that the new engine would increase the value of the car. When the insurance company replied, they said they no longer wanted Chris to pay any of the repair costs. C Complete the chart. 1. Sharon's laptops 2. Chris's car Problems fuzzy screen What Consumer magazine did Compensated? Yes No □ □ □ □ D What would you have done if you were Sharon? Chris? Would you have done the same things?

3 Sharpen your skills!

A Choose appropriate verbs to complete the sentences. Use passive infinitives (to be + past participle) or gerunds.

Language note: Verbs ending in -en or -n

Some verbs are formed by adding -en or -n to a noun or adjective. These verbs mean \"to make more of something. \" Noun verb Adjective verb length → lengthen loose → loosen (make something longer) (make something looser) □√ lengthen

□ loosen □ sharpen □ straighten □ tighten □ widen

1. This jacket is too short. It needs to be lengthened. OR It needs lengthening. 2. The screws on these glasses are too loose. They need ________.

3. The blades on these scissors are too dull. They need ________. 4. This faucet is too tight.

It needs ________.

5. This road has too many dangerous turns. It needs ________.

6. This street is too narrow. It needs ________.

B Can you think of three other verbs ending in -en or -n?

________ ________ ________

4 Complete the conversation. Use keep, keeps, need, or needs with passive infinitives or gerunds of the verbs given.

Tim: Guess what? Someone broke into my car last night! Jan: 'Oh, no. What did they take?

Tim: Nothing! But they did a lot of damage. The lock needs to be repaired. (repair) And the windows ________. (replace)

Jan: What about your CD player?

Tim: It ________ (turn) on and off. They broke the button. It just ________ . (replace) Jan: It was probably some young kids having \"fun.\"

Tim: Yeah, some fun. I think they had a party in my car! The seats ________ . (clean) Jan: How annoying. Does the car drive OK?

Tim: No, it feels strange. The gears ________ (stick), so they ________ . (fix)And the brakes ________ (check) right away.

Jan: Well, I guess you're lucky they didn't steal it! Tim: Yeah, lucky me.

5 Write about something you bought that had something wrong with it. In the first paragraph, describe the problem. In the second paragraph, explain what you did about it.

Recently, I bought an espresso machine, While I was unpacking it, I could see it was a/read/damaged .The g1ass carafe was chipped and needed to be replaced. And to make matters worse, the mackine leaked! I took it back to the store. I was worried because the machine had been on sale, and I had lost my receipt. Luckily, the clerk didn't ask me for it. She said a lot of customers had recently had the same problem, and she gave me a better machine at the same price.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Jack will fix it!

A Match each problem with the repair needed. JACK'S REPAIR SHOP Item Problem Repair needed 1. dishwasher 2. DVD player 3. speakers 4. TV 5. stove 6. table doesn't work f DVD is stuck ____ wire is damaged ____ screen is cracked ____ metal door is scratched legs are loose a. tighten and glue the legs b. repair the wire c. remove the DVD d. repaint the door e. replace the screen √f. check the motor B Write a sentence describing each problem. Then add a sentence describing the action needed to fix it. Use passive infinitives or gerunds.

1. The dishwasher doesn't work. The motor needs to be checked OR The motor needs checking. 2. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

C Think of three items you own that are damaged (or were damaged) in some way. Write a sentence describing each problem. Then write another sentence describing the action needed to fix it.

1. ______________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________ 7 Complete the crossword puzzle. Across

1 Do you have another ________ for these flowers? This one is cracked.

4 You can't wear this ________ to your job interview, Dave. Two buttons have come off the front, and the lining is torn.

8 This is a great new food ________. It really helps me chop vegetables more quickly. 10 The buttons on this shirt are ________. They'll come off if they aren't fixed soon. 11 My new dress is ________. I spilled coffee on it.

12 These socks have a hole in them. I'd like to ________ them for another pair, please. 13 The glass in that window is ________. It needs replacing. Down

2 This carpet is really dirty. It needs to be ______.

3 The ________ beside your desk needs to be emptied. It's full of paper. 5 There's a ________ in your jeans. Look, the left leg is badly torn. 6 I prefer to cook on a gas ________ than to cook on an electric one.

7 The back of my car is slightly ________ . Someone drove into it.

9 My car door is ________ , and it needs repainting. It looks like someone damaged it with a key.

10 Look! There's a stain on the ________ of your jacket—just inside the collar.

7 The world we live in

1 Use the information in the and the verbs and prepositions given below to change the sentences from the active to the passive.

Here are just some of the dangers facing you and your children. The water we drink

1. Too many dead fish in the rivers are contaminating the water supply. 2. Chlorine and other additives have ruined the taste of our drinking water. The food we eat

3. The spraying of agricultural pesticides has caused mysterious new illnesses. 4. Pollution from cars and trucks is destroying our crops of fruit and vegetables. The air we breathe

5. Factory chimneys are releasing extremely dangerous chemicals. 6. Breathing smog every day has damaged many people's health. The world we live in

7. The lack of rainfall has created more droughts and bigger deserts. 8. Global warming is harming forests and wildlife.

Join Save Our Planet Today

1. Our drinking water is being polluted by dead fish in the rivers. (by) 2. ________________ (due to) 3. ________________ (by)

4. ________________ (because of) 5. ________________ (by)

6. ________________ (as a result of) 7. ________________ (because of) 8. ________________ (through) 2 Verbs and nouns A Complete the chart. Verb contaminate contribute deplete Noun contamination creation destruction Verb educate protect threaten Noun pollution reduction B Write four sentences like the ones in Exercise 1 using words from the chart. Example: Many rivers and streams have been badly contaminated by industrial waste. 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________ 3 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Green organizations are trying to save rain forests that have been threatened by developers and farmers. (created / ruined / threatened)

2. One way to inform the public about factories that pollute the environment is through ________ programs on TV. (agricultural / educational / industrial)

3. The ozone layer has been ________ more in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. (created / destroyed / polluted)

4. Agricultural sprays are ________ the soil in many countries. (damaging / eating up / lowering)

5. ________ is an enormous problem in many large cities where whole families can only afford to live in one room. (Pollution / Poverty / Waste) 4 How safe are your plastic cards?

A How many of these cards do you have: credit card, store card, ID card, debit card, phone card, library card? How many of them are made of plastic? B Read the magazine article about plastic cards.

It's in the cards.

Nowadays, many people pay for many things with credit cards. There are now hundreds of millions of credit cards worldwide, but plastic cards don't stop there. Bills and coins are gradually being replaced by \"plastic money.\" Banks are issuing debit cards, and charge cards are being offered by many types of stores and businesses. In many places, people are now using plastic cards at public phones, in the subways, at gas stations, and in supermarkets. In addition, cards that used to be made of paper are being replaced by plastic ones. For example, many gym membership cards are now made of plastic.

How safe is the plastic used to make these cards? Until recently, most cards have been made from a plastic called polyvinyl chloride (PVC). While PVC is being produced, harmful chemicals are released into the atmosphere. One of the most dangerous chemicals re, eased is dioxin, which is known to cause cancer in humans. Another problem is, when a PVC card is thrown away, it is not biodegradable—it does not \"break down\" and cannot be recycled.

Now there is an alternative to PVC cards. Greenpeace, the environmental organization and charity, has developed an \"Earth-friendly\" credit card. Their card is composed of a biodegradable plastic that is made with a plant-based material. The card breaks down in around three months in a special soil called compost—in this way, it is completely recycled. By contrast, a PVC card lasts for centuries. Greenpeace hopes that many organizations will follow its example and issue cards that do not pollute the environment.

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is one organization that has followed Green peace’s lead. The WWF's advertising campaign for a \"green\" credit card states: \"If money makes the world go around, you can now help make our world a little greener by taking out the new PVC-free WWF Visa Card.\" Think what a difference it would make worldwide if all the maior banks and credit card companies adopted this safer, more environmentally friendly way to do business!

C Check (√) the true statements. For statements that are false, write the true information. 1. □ Many different types of cards today are made of plastic. _________________________________________________ 2. □ The plastic used in making most credit cards is fairly safe. _________________________________________________

3. □ The biodegradable Greenpeace credit card is not made of plastic.

__________________________________________________

4. □ WWF's attempt to get rid of toxic chemicals is supported by their new PVC-free Visa card.

__________________________________________________

5. □ Now all banks and credit card companies offer PVC-free credit cards to their customers.

__________________________________________________

D Do you have any plastic cards? Did you know that they are not recyclable? Do you have (or want to get) a PVC-free or \"green\" card? 5 Nouns beginning with over A Match the nouns and definitions. Nouns Definitions

1. overbuilding ____ a. put something to a particular purpose too often

2. overcrowding ____ b. too many people for a limited amount of food, housing, materials

available for them to live there

3. overflowing ____ c. having too much of something to deal with

4. overpopulation ____ d. having too many people or things to be contained; spilling over 5. overuse ____ e. too many structures and homes in a certain area 6. overburdened ____ f. too many people or things in a restricted area B Choose the correct noun from part A to complete each sentence.

1. Although ________ is a major world problem, overall birth rates are beginning to slow as women choose to have fewer children, and at an older age.

2. In some major cities, the problem of ________ is a result of too many skyscrapers and too little land area inside the city limits.

3. There is an ________ of fossil fuels when we should be looking for other natural sources of energy like wind and solar power.

4. City officials are trying to stop development in areas with ________ roads and schools. 5. The best way to prevent the ________ of our landfills is to have better and more efficient recycling programs.

6. Another way to help reduce the ________ of our schools is to build more schools and hire more teachers.

6 Complete the conversations. Use the expressions in the box and the information in the list.

One thing to do... The best way to fight... Another thing to do... One way to help... □√ complain to the Parks Department about it

□ create more government-funded jobs □ create more public housing projects □ educate young people about its dangers

□ organize a public meeting to protest the threat to public property □ report it to the local newspaper

□ donate money to charities that provide shelters and food

1. A: Did you know that a big housing developer wants to build an apartment complex in Forest Hill Park? I think it's terrible.

B: One thing to do is to complain to the Parks Department about it. A: That's a good idea.

B: _____________________________________________________.

2. A: Personally, I'm worried about drug trafficking. It puts lots of children and young people at risk.

B: _____________________________________________________. 3. A: You know, there's a lot of corruption in our city government. B: _____________________________________________________. A: Yeah, the bad publicity might help to clean things up a bit.

4. A: There are so many unemployed people in this city. I just don't know what can be done about it.

B: _____________________________________________________.

5. A: What worries me most is the number of homeless people on the streets. B: _____________________________________________________. A: I agree.

B: _____________________________________________________.

7 Complete the sentences using the present continuous passive or the present perfect passive. Then suggest a solution to each problem. 1. Prices have been raised (raise) a lot in recent years. One way to deal with inflation is to stop pay raises. 2. These days, a lot of endangered animals ________ (kill) by hunters and poachers. The best way to stop this practice _____________________________________________________. 3. During the past few years, lots of trees ________ (destroy) by acid rain. One thing to do about it is _____________________________________________________________________. 4. Underground water ________ (contaminate) by agricultural sprays. The best way to deal with the problem _______________________________________________________________. 5. Too many young people's lives ________ (ruin) through use of illegal drugs. The best way to fight drug traffickers is _____________________________________________________. 8 Write two paragraphs about a charity. In the first paragraph, describe what the charity does. In the second paragraph, explain why you think the charity is useful.

A good, charity in my city is Shelter. This organization works to reduce the number of homeless people on our streets. Shelter believes the best way to do this is to …

Shelter is my favorite charity because homelessness my opinion, the greatest problem facing my city. Many people cannot find jobs, and...

8 Lifelong learning

1 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. I want to take a course in ________ because I'm interested in how diet can affect people's health. (environmental science / exercise science / nutritional science)

2. I'd prefer not to study ________, as I'm more interested in modern life than life in the past. (archaeology / astronomy / criminology)

3. I'd really like to work in radio and television, so I'm thinking of taking a course in ________. (apparel manufacturing / broadcasting / film studies)

4. I'm an artistic type, so I'd rather study something like ________ or interior design than study economics. (fashion design / hospitality / nursing) 2 What would you prefer?

A Write questions with would rather or would prefer using the cues. 1. take a film class/a broadcasting class

Would you rather take a film class or a broadcasting class? OR Would you prefer to take a film class or a broadcasting class? 2. study part-time / full-time

______________________________________________________________________ 3. have a boring job that pays well / an exciting job that pays less

______________________________________________________________________ 4. take a long vacation once a year / several short vacations each year

______________________________________________________________________ B Write answers to the questions you wrote in part A.

1. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________ 3 Love it or leave it

A First, complete speaker A's questions with four things you would not like to do. Use ideas in the box or your own ideas.

learn to play the accordion study criminology learn clothing design take a class in nutrition learn how to repair watches take a cooking class

Example:

A: Do you want to learn to play the accordion? B: I'd rather not. I'd prfer to take a class in filmmaking OR I'd prefer not to. I'd rather take a class in filmmaking. 1. A: Do you want to ________?

B: ___________________________________________________________________ 2. A: Would you like to________?

B: ___________________________________________________________________

3. A: Do you want to ________?

B: _________________________________________________________________ 4. A: Would you like to ________?

B: _________________________________________________________________

B Now write responses for speaker B. For each question, think of something you would prefer to do. Use the short answers I'd rather not or I'd prefer not to and say what you would prefer to do.

4 Answer these questions and give reasons.

1. On your day off, would you rather stay home or go out?

I'd rather stay home than go out because 2. Would you prefer to have a cat or a dog?

_______________________________________________________________________ 3. Would you prefer to live in an apartment building or in a house?

_______________________________________________________________________

4. When you entertain friends, would you rather invite them over for dinner or take them out to a restaurant?

_______________________________________________________________________ 5. Would you prefer to see a new film at the theater or wait to see it on DVD?

_______________________________________________________________________ 5 Homeschooling

A In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school. Do you think this is a good or a bad idea? Think of two advantages and two disadvantages.

B Read the newspaper article and underline the information that answers these questions. 1. How many children in the United States learn at home? 2. Why do some parents prefer to teach their own children? 3. How do the Gutersons choose what to teach their children? 4. What are two criticisms of homeschooling? Parents... and teachers too!

All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated in a school. A growing number of parents prefer not to send their children to school. Children who are educated at home are known as \"homeschoolers.\" It is estimated that there are now between 1.5 and 1.9 million homeschoolers in the United States, about 4 percent of school-age children.

Some parents prefer to teach their children at home because they do not believe that schools teach the correct religious values. Others believe they can provide a better education for their children at home. There are now many Web sites about homeschooling, and many parents who teach their children at home use the Internet to exchange ideas and resources. Interestingly, results show that homeschooled children often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.

David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school. A lesson starts with the children's interests and questions. If the Brazilian rain forests are in the news, it could start a discussion about how

rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed, and how the polar ice caps affect ocean levels.

Homeschooling is often more interesting than going to a traditional school, but critics say that homeschoolers can become social outsiders who are uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. Another criticism is that many parents are not well qualified to teach. However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so most children still get their education at school.

C What could the Gutersons teach their children if the TV news showed... ?

1. people without enough food to eat ____________________________________________ 2. a space robot landing on Mars ________________________________________________ 3. doctors announcing a cure for the common cold __________________________________

D After reading the newspaper article, would you make any changes to the advantages and disadvantages you listed in part A?

6 Complete the sentences with by + gerund. Use not if needed. Use the ideas in the box or your own information.

cook at home eat out go out more often study a martial art eat good food exercise regularly √stay home use e-mai

1. A good way to enjoy the weekend is not by staying home but by going out with friends. 2. A good way to keep in touch with old friends is ________________________________ 3. You can make new friends _________________________________________________ 4. The best way to save money is ______________________________________________ 5. You could stay in shape ____________________________________________________ 6. I stay healthy ____________________________________________________________ 7. One way to learn discipline _________________________________________________ 7 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Diana shows her ________ by volunteering to help people with AIDS. (competitiveness / communication skills / concern for others)

2. My parents' love of art, poetry, and music taught me ________ from a very young age. (artistic appreciation / cooperation / perseverance)

3. I learned ________ from my parents. They taught me the importance of being polite to both family and friends. (concern for ethers / courtesy / self-confidence)

4. Barbara always gets upset with people who disagree with her. I wish she would show more ________. (perseverance / self-confidence / tolerance)

5. I recently joined a choir, and I love it. But you need a lot of ________, because you have to practice the same piece of music for weeks before you're ready to perform it! (artistic appreciation / perseverance / volunteering) 8 Personal qualities

A Read about each student in these descriptions and choose a suitable quality for each one. □ artistic appreciation □ competitiveness □ cooperation □ courtesy □ creativity □ perseverance

□ self-confidence □ tolerance

1. John is very good at most school subjects, but he has no interest in being \"the best.\" Instead, he is very kind and helpful. The world would be a better place if everyone showed as much ________ as John.

2. Felix finds school very hard, but no one tries harder than he does. He always spends the whole weekend in the library trying to keep up with his studies. He shows great ________.

3. Betsy always wants to do better than everyone else. In school, she always tries to get the best grades. Her favorite sport is badminton because she's the best player in the school. No one needs to teach Betsy ________.

4. Andrea has more ________ than any of her classmates. She writes fascinating stories that show she has a wonderful imagination. She's also very artistic and does very interesting paintings. B Write two similar descriptions of people you know. Either use the two qualities you didn't use in part A or choose other qualities. 9 My way

A List two methods of learning each of these skills. 1. become a good guitarist by teaching myself by taking lessons 2. learn a new craft ________ ________

3. become a good photographer ________ ________

4. learn how to drive ________ ________

5. become skilled at auto repair ________ ________

6. learn to dance well ________ ________

B Which of the two methods in part A would you prefer to use to develop each skill? Write sentences using would rather (not) or would prefer (not). Give reasons. 1. I'd rather learn guitar by teaching myself than by taking lessons. I'd prefer not to take lessons because they're expensive. 2. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

9 At your service

1 Which service does each person need? Choose the correct word or phrase. □ dry cleaning □√ essay typing

□ handyman services □ house painting □ language tutoring □ pet-sitting

1. essay typing

Marty: I have so many papers to write before the end of the semester! Luckily, I have all the research done and the first drafts written. I guess I can get someone to help me out just this once with my term papers.

2. _____________________________

Junko: I don't like the flowered wallpaper in my bedroom or the dark color of the walls in my living room. I need to have someone remove the wallpaper and make the whole place look bigger and brighter with fun, modern colors everywhere. 3. _____________________________

Elizabeth: Now that it's getting colder, I need to take my winter clothes out of storage. Some things I can wash in the washing machine, but I should take my wool coat to that new place around the corner.

4. ______________________________

David: Do you know where I can board my dog? I'm going on a two-week trip. Actually, I'd prefer someone to come to my apartment every day to play with him and feed him while I'm gone. Yeah, that's a better idea!

5. ______________________________

Bill: I'm so excited! I'm finally going to Quebec this summer. I studied French in high school and a little bit in college, but I'm not sure how much I remember now. Do you know where I can get someone to help me improve my French? 6. _____________________________

Paula: I really want to move into that studio apartment I found downtown. It's close to work and has a good view of the river. The only problem is that there are a lot of little things that I need to get repaired, such as a leaky aucet and a broken lock. 2 Where can I... ?

A Match the verbs in column A with the nouns in column B. A □ check □ cut □ trace □ train B □ my apartment □ my computer □ my family history 1. check my fitness level 2. 3. 4. 5. □ decorate □ my dog □√ my fitness level □ upgrade □ my hair 6. B First, use the items in part A to write questions for speaker A. Use the phrases Do you know where I can have someone... ? OR Do you know where I can get someone to... ? Then write responses for speaker B using your own ideas.

1. A: Do you know where I can have someone check my fitness level? B: Sure. You can have it checked at the free clinic. OR A: Do you know where I can get someone to check my fitness level? B: Sure. You can get it checked at the free clinic. 2. A: ___________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________ 3. A: ___________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________ 4. A: ___________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________ 5. A: ___________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________ 6. A: ___________________________________________________ B: _____________________________________________________

3 Describe where you can have these services done. Use the passive with have or get.

1. You can have your hair cut at Salon 21. OR You can get your hair cut at Salon 21. 2. ________________________________ _______________________________ 3. ________________________________ _______________________________ 4. ________________________________ _______________________________

4 Choose the correct three-word phrasal verb for each sentence.

1. I can't ________ that loud music anymore! I can't stand rap and I'm going to tell my neighbor right now. (cut down on / put up with / take care of)

2. My cousin didn't know what to do for her mother's 60th birthday, but she finally ________ the idea of a surprise picnic with the whole family. (came up with / got along with / looked forward to)

3. Judy has done it again! She only met Sam two months ago, and already she has ________ him. They just didn't seem to agree on anything. (broken up with / gotten along with / kept up with)

4. After Pat saw her doctor, she decided to ________ eating fast food. She wants to lose some weight and start exercising again in order to keep fit. (cut down on / look forward to / take care of) 5 Checking up on Grandpa

A Look at the article. What do RFID chips do? Checking up on Grandpa

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips are a shop owner's dream. Placed inside labels on groceries, they send out a radio signal that identifies the objects to which they are attached. American supermarkets and department stores want to use the chips to automate their inventory and checkout counters and stop people from stealing their goods. Wal-Mart is the biggest lobbyist for RFID, saying the new technology will help it to save $8.4 billion by 2007.

Intel recently demonstrated this technology to US government officials with quite a different purpose in mind - making it easier to provide care for senior citizens. One in three Americans born today will live to be 1 O0 years old, and as society gets older, it will be harder to care for everyone.

Intel proposes that RFID tags be put on medicine vials, toothbrushes, and other objects in the private homes of senior citizens to determine whether the objects are being used. If the chips showed that your grandfather was not taking care of himself, someone could visit him to see that he's all right. \"This technology could mean the difference between staying in your own house and moving to a nursing home,\" Intel researcher Brad Needharn told New Scientist. \"Would you rather have a chip on your toilet seat or a person in the bathroom with you?\"

At present, the system depends on the cooperation of the person being monitored: he or she would have to wear a special glove containing a RFID reader. In the near future, Needham says, the RFID reader could be built into a necklace.

Other research groups have put forward other ideas for homes that would automatically monitor the people living in them. For example, a bed that could measure a person's weight and movements, and a room that could use cameras and temperature sensors to determine what a person is doing. Some researchers, such as Don Patterson of the University of Washington, believe that using RFID tags will be the method of choice because they will already be attached to many objects. \"It's just a question of whether we use them in some way that benefits the consumer as well as the shop owner,\" he says.

B Read the magazine article about RFID chips. Check (√) the true statements. For statements that are false, write the true information.

1, □ RFID chips allow supermarkets and stores to save a lot of money. ___________________________________________________________

2. □ RFID technology could help the government to look after senior citizens. ___________________________________________________________ 3. □ According to Intel, RFID tags show us if someone is not at home. ___________________________________________________________

4. □ A person can be monitored with an RFID reader without his or her permission. ___________________________________________________________

5. □ Researchers say that RFID tags will be attached to many objects in our homes. ___________________________________________________________ C Write answers to the questions.

1. What do you think of RFID chips? Could they really improve our lives? ___________________________________________________________ 2. In what circumstances would you use RFID chips in your life?

___________________________________________________________

6 Make at least one suggestion for each of these problems. 1. I never have any energy, so I can never do anything except work. I sleep all weekend, so don't tell me to get more rest! Have you thought about taking an aerobics class? Some people say exercise gives them more energy. Another thing you could do is improve your diet. 2. My problem is a constant backache. I just don't know what to do to get rid of it. I had someone give me a massage, but it didn't really help.

Maybe you could _________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

3. My doctor told me to get more exercise. She strongly recommended swimming, but I find swimming so boring! In fact, aren't all sports boring?

Why don't you ____________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

4. I'm very sociable, and I have great difficulty saying no. I end up doing things every night of the week—going to parties, clubs, the movies. I'm so tired all the time!

It might be a good idea ____________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________

5. I like to be a good neighbor, but the woman next door drives me crazy. She's always knocking on my door to chat. And whenever I go out into the yard, she goes into her yard—and talks for hours!

What about ______________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

7 Write questions for speaker A using the passive with have or get. Then write responses for speaker B using the expressions in the box. What about... ?

Have you thought about... ? Why don't you... ? Maybe you could...? 1. enlarge a photograph

A: Do you know where I can have a photograph enlarged? B: What about taking it to a camera shop? 2. repair a bicycle

A: ______________ B: ________________ 3. fix an MP3 player A: ________________ B: ________________ 4. shorten pants

A: ________________ B: ________________ 5. replace a laptop battery A: ________________ B: ________________

6. organize a wedding reception A: ________________ B: ________________

10 The past and the future

1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. Captain James Cook led three expeditions to the Pacific and Antarctica from 1768 to 1779. (assassinations / expeditions / revolutions)

2. Three scientific advances took place during the mid-1890s: the ________ of X-rays, radioactivity, and the electron. (discoveries / explorations / inventions)

3. The ________ of the audio CD in 1983 led to the development of CD-ROMs and DVDs. (exploration / invention / population)

4. Landing a spacecraft on Mars in 1997 was a great ________ in space technology. (achievement / disaster / terrorist act)

5. In 2003, a powerful earthquake struck Bam, Iran. It was ________ for people living in the area. (a disaster / an assassination / a population)

6. No one knows why many ships and planes have disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle. It's still ________ . (a discovery / an epidemic / a mystery)

2 Complete the sentences. Use words from the list. ago during for from in since to 1. Jazz first became popular in the 1920s. 2. The cell phone was invented over 30 years ________. 3. Brasilia has been the capital city of Brazil ________ 1960. 4. The first laptop was produced ________ 1981.

5. Mexico has been independent ________ more than 200 years. 6. World War II lasted ________ 1939 ________ 1945.

7. Vietnam was separated into two parts ________ about 30 years.

8. East and West Germany have been united ________ the Berlin Wall came down. 3 Nouns and verbs

A Complete this chart. Then check your answers in a dictionary. Noun assassination demonstration discovery discrimination existence exploration Verb assassinate Noun explosion invention revolution segregation transformation vaccine Verb B Choose verbs from the chart in part A to complete these sentences. Use the correct verb tense.

1. In 1885, Louis Pasteur discovered a cure for rabies when he treated a young boy who was bitten by a dog.

2. In World War I, many soldiers were ________ against the disease typhoid.

3. Sung San, the man who led Myanmar to independence, was ________ in 1947. No one is certain who killed him.

4. The European Union has ________ since 1957. There are now 25 member states.

5. Until the 1960s, there were many laws that ________ against African Americans in certain

regions of the United States.

6. In 2003, many Venezuelans ________ against the government of President Chavez in the streets of Caracas.

7. In recent years, teams of experts in countries such as Cambodia and Angola have safely been ________ mines in order to rid those countries of these dangerous weapons.

8. One of the few parts of the world that has not been ________ much is Antarctica. The extreme climate makes it dangerous to travel far from research centers. 4 Vaccines past, present, and future

A Have you ever had a vaccination? Do you know what diseases you have been vaccinated against?

VACCINATIONS

For well over a thousand years, smallpox was a disease that everyone feared. The disease killed much of the native population in South America when the Spanish arrived there in the early sixteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, smallpox was responsible for the deaths of about one in ten people around the world. Those who survived the disease were left with ugly scars on their skin.

It had long been well known among farmers that people who worked with cows rarely caught smallpox; instead, they often caught a similar but much milder disease called cowpox. A British doctor named Edward Jenner was fascinated by this, and so he studied cowpox. He became convinced that, by injecting people with cowpox, he could protect them against the much worse disease smallpox. In 1796, he vaccinated a boy with cowpox and, two months later, with smallpox. The boy did not get smallpox. In the next two years, Jenner vaccinated several children in the same way, and none of them got the disease.

News of Jenner's success soon spread. In 1800, the Royal Vaccine Institution was founded in Berlin, Germany. In the following year, Napoleon opened a similar institute in Paris, France. Vaccination soon became a common method to protect people against other viral diseases, such as rabies, and vaccines were sent across the world to the United States and India.

It took nearly two centuries to achieve Jenner's dream of ridding the world of smallpox. In 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) started an ambitious vaccination program, and the last known case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia in 1977. The story of vaccinations does not end there, however. There are many other diseases that kill more and more people every year. In addition, many new diseases are being discovered. The challenge for medical researchers will, therefore, probably continue for several more centuries.

B Read the article about vaccinations. Complete the chart with the history of events in the story of vaccinations. Date 1. Early 16th century 3. 1796 4. 1800 5. 1967 6. 1977 Event Smallpox killed much of the native population in South America. 2. End of the 18th century C Imagine that vaccines are invented against three major diseases in the coming decade. Which diseases do you predict they will protect people from?

5 Life in 2050

A Complete these predictions about life in 2050. Use the future continuous of the verb given. Then add two more predictions of your own. By 2050, . . . 1. some people will be living in cities on the moon. (live) 2. many people ________ temperature-controlled body suits. (wear) 3. most people ________ cars that run on fuel from garbage. (drive) 4. people ________ in a new Olympic event - mind reading. (compete) 5. ___________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________

B Complete these predictions about what will have happened by 2050. Use the future perfect. Then add two more predictions of your own.

By 2050,...

1. computers will have replaced people as translators. (replace) 2. ties for men ________ out of fashion. (go)

3. scientists ________ a cheap way of getting drinking water from seawater. (discover) 4. medical researchers ________ acure for cancer. (find) 5. ________________________________ 6. ________________________________ 6 Write two responses to each question.

1. What will or won't you be doing in ten years? (Use the future continuous.) I won't be having with my parents. ________________________________________ ________________________________________

2. How will cities of the future be different? (Use will.) Cities won't allow cars downtown. ________________________________________ ________________________________________

3. How will life in small villages in your country have changed in the next 20 years? (Use the future.)

People will be connected to big cities by the Internet. ________________________________________ ________________________________________

4. How do you think the world's weather will change during this century? (Use will.) The weather will be warmer and the summers longer. ________________________________________ ________________________________________

5. What advances will scientists have made by 2050? (Use the future perfect.) Scientists will have found a way to grow enough food for everyone. ________________________________________ ________________________________________

7 Think of four ways that computers will affect how we live and work in the next 20 years.

Example: Children will be doing all their schoolwork on computers. 1. ________________________________________

2. ________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________

8 Write two paragraphs about one of these topics or a topic of your choice. In the first paragraph, describe the past. In the second paragraph, describe how you think the future will be.

Topics

a music group computers changes within a country health changes within a region space exploration

The European Union, or E.U., was founded in 1957. At first, there were only six member states, including France, Italy, and West Germany. Nine other countries joined during the next 40years. Many European natins came together because they wanted to avoid another world war. The E U. has continued to develop during the twenty-first century. In 2002 nearly all the member states adopted the same currency—the euro. In 2004, ten more countries joined the E.U. In the future, the nations o the E U will continue to develo economic, ohtical, and social coo eration

In the near future, several more countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, and Turke , will pobabl join the E.U

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

11 Life's little lessons

1 Milestones

A Read these statements. Check (√) the ones that are true for you. For statements that are false, write the true information.

Example: As soon as I got my first cell phone, I called all my friends. The moment I got a cell phone, I called my parents. OR I've never had a cell phone. 1. □ By the time I was three years old, I had already learned two languages. ________________________________________________________________ 2. □ Before I started school, I was carefree—I used to watch TV all day.

________________________________________________________________ 3. □ After I started taking the bus by myself, I became more independent. ________________________________________________________________ 4. □ As soon as I got my driver's license, my parents let me drive everywhere. ________________________________________________________________ 5. □ The moment I discovered the Internet, I signed up for an e-mail account. ________________________________________________________________ 6. □ Once I started learning English, I quit studying other languages.

________________________________________________________________ 7. □ Until I graduated from high school, I was very unsophisticated.

________________________________________________________________ 8. □ Before I became more independent, I thought I knew more than my parents. ________________________________________________________________ B Write three true statements about yourself, your family, or your friends.

1. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2 Complete these descriptions. Use words from the list. □ ambitious □ argumentative □ carefree □ generous □ rebellious □ sophisticated

1. Kate is so sophisticated . She always dresses well, she knows lots of intelligent people, and she never says anything silly.

2. I just spent a horrible evening with Gloria. She questioned and criticized everything I said. I wish she weren't so ________.

3. My sister is very ________. She never forgets her friends' birthdays and always gives them

nice gifts.

4. Once I turned 16, I became less ________, and my parents started to let me do what I wanted.

5. Paul is really ________. He wants to own his own business by the time he's 25.

6. I wish I could be like Debbie. She's so ________ and never seems to worry about anything.

3 Do you have a friend who is special to you? Write about him or her. In the first paragraph, describe the person. In the second paragraph, describe a particular time when the person helped you.

One of my best friends is Christine, She's very mature and conscientious, and she always gives me good advice. Until I met her, I had been making some bad decisions…

Christine is also very generous. She always helps her friends when they need it. For example, the moment. she found out I was sick last winter, she came over and cooked dinner for me.

_______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Turning points

A Have you had any major turning points in your life? If so, what were they? If not, are there any major changes you would like to make?

Lance Armstrong

Lance Armstrong was born in Piano, Texas, in 1971. As a child, he enjoyed running, swimming, and bicycling—and when he was only 13, he competed in his first triathlon. He became a professional athlete at age 16. While he was still in high school, the American national cycling team asked Armstrong to work out with them.

In 1991, Armstrong won several major races. However, he didn't always win. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, he finished fourteenth—a poor showing. The next year, he made a fantastic comeback: He won the U.S. cycling \"Triple Crown,\" and then became the youngest cyclist ever to win the World Race Championships in Norway.

Armstrong's career was really taking off. Then in 1996, he started to feel tired and ill. He finished in only twelfth place in the Atlanta Olympics—a disappointment. Later that year, Armstrong got the shock of his life: He was diagnosed with cancer, and his doctors said he had only a 40 percent chance of surviving. Many people were convinced that his career was over.

Armstrong would not quit. He had surgery and chemotherapy, and by February 1997, he was cancer-free. With his cancer in remission, he was determined to train hard and cornpete again with the world's top cyclists.

In 1998, Armstrong returned to professional racing. He wanted to be the best, and that meant he had to win the most prestigious race in the world: the Tour de France. No one thought he could recover from cancer and win such a strenuous race. Armstrong proved them wrong: Not only did he win it in 1999, but he also won it every year for another five years!

Many consider Armstrong to be one of the world's greatest athletes, and a real inspiration. Armstrong once wrote: \"I don't always win. Sometimes just finishing is the best I can do. But with

each race, I feel that I further define my capacity for living. That's why I ride, and why I try to ride hard, even when I don't have to.\"

B Read the sports magazine article about Lance Armstrong. Look at the words in bold in the article. Can you write definitions or synonyms for each word? 1. triathlon ________ 4. prestigious ________ 2. comeback ________ 5. strenuous ________ 3. remission ________ 6. inspiration ________

C What are two turning points for each of the time periods in Armstrong's life?

1991-1995 Armstrong won the National Amateur Cycling Championship in 1991. _________________________________________________________________________ 1996-1997___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1998-2004 _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ D What do you think about Lance Armstrong's decision to continue as a professional athlete after he was diagnosed with cancer? Do you think he is an inspiration? 5 Regrets

A Write sentences about each person's regret. Use should (not) have. 1. Eric was very argumentative with his boss, so she fired him. Eric shouldn't have been argumentative with his boss. 2. Marsha changed jobs. Now she works in a bank. Working in a large company is more interesting.

______________________________________________

3. Ivan worked seven days a week for several years. Then he got very sick. ______________________________________________

4. Carla refused every job offer she received. She's been unemployed for a year, and she no longer gets any job offers.

______________________________________________

5. Andrew studied music in school, but he's much better at computer science. ______________________________________________

6. Jim was completely rebellious when he was a student, so he got very bad grades. ______________________________________________

7. Frances spent too much money on clothes. Now she can't afford to take a vacation. ______________________________________________

8. Judy was very naive when she was younger. She often lent money to people, but they never repaid her.

______________________________________________

B Write about your own regrets. Write four sentences with should (not) have. 1. ______________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________________________

6 If...

A Rewrite the sentences as hypothetical situations. Use the words given. 1. I should have studied English sooner. (get a better job) If I'd studied English sooner, I would have gotten a better job. 2. We should have made a reservation. (eat already)

______________________________________________________ 3. You should have let me drive. (arrive by now)

______________________________________________________ 4. I should have studied harder. (pass my exams)

______________________________________________________ 5. I should have been more sensible. (save more money)

______________________________________________________

B Write sentences describing hypothetical situations. Use the words given and your own ideas.

1. argumentative If I'd been less argumentative as a child, I would have had a better relationship with my parents. 2. ambitious ______________________________________________________________ 3. mature or immature ____________________________________________________ 4. naive ______________________________________________________________ 5. rebellious ______________________________________________________________ 6. conscientious __________________________________________________________ 7 Complete the conversation. Circle the correct time expressions and use the correct tense of the verbs given.

Andy: I've made such a mess of my life! John: What do you mean?

Andy: If I hadn't accepted (not accept) a job (as soon as/before / until) I graduated, I ________ (travel) around Europe all summer—just like you did. You were so carefree.

John: You know, I should ________ (not go) to Europe. I should ________ (take) the great job I was offered. (After / Before / Until) I returned from Europe, it was too late.

Andy: But my job is so depressing! (Before / The moment / Until) I started it, I hated it—on the very first day! That was five years ago, and nothing's changed. I should ________ for (look) another job right away.

John: Well, start looking now. There were some good jobs advertised on the Internet last month. If I ________ (not check) the Internet, I ________ this great job listing. (not see) Andy: Really? What's the job?

John: It's working as a landscape gardener. (Before / The moment / Until) I saw it, I knew it was right for me.

Andy: But for me right now, the problem is I get a very good salary, and I just bought a house. If I ________ the house, (not buy) I ________ take a lower paying job. (be able to)

John: Well, I guess you can't have everything. If I ________ a better salary, (have) I ________ a house, too. (buy)

12 The right stuff

1 Complete these sentences with In order for or In order to. 1. In order for a restaurant to be popular, it has to have attractive decor. 2. ________ a movie to be entertaining, it has to have good actors and an interesting story. 3. ________ succeed in business, you often have to work long hours.

4. ________ attract new members, a sports club needs to offer inexpensive memberships. 5. ________ speak a foreign language well, it's a good idea to use the language as often as possible.

6. ________ a travel agency to succeed, it has to be able to find the cheapest airline tickets. 2 Write sentences. Use the information in the box.

□ have talented salespeople □ work extremely long hours □√ keep up with your studies □ provide excellent customer service

□ be clever and entertaining □ have informative and well-written articles 1. be a successful student

In order to be a successful student, you have to keep up with your studies. 2. a clothes store to be profitable

For a clothes store to be profitable, _____________________________________ 3. manage your own business

_____________________________________________ 4. an advertisement to be persuasive

_____________________________________________ 5. run a successful automobile company

_____________________________________________ 6. a magazine to be successful

_____________________________________________ 3 Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. I didn't enjoy this book on how to succeed in business. It wasn't very well written . (affordable / well typed / well written)

2. I learned a lot about how to run a successful bookstore from reading that magazine. I found it very ________. (attractive / informative / knowledgeable)

3. Linda has so many interesting ideas, and she's always thinking of new projects. She's very . (clever / patient / tough)

4. Rosie is a salesperson, and she's good at her job. She's so ________ that

she sells three times as much as her co-workers. (friendly / gorgeous / persuasive)

5. Daniel is one of the top models in Milan. He goes to the gym every day so he looks really ________ . (clever / fashionable / muscular)

6. For a restaurant to succeed, it has to ________ a high level of quality in both food and service. (keep up with / maintain / put up with)

7. If a department store improves its ________ and looks really fashionable, it can attract a lot of new customers. (boutique / decor / safety record)

4 Read this information about journalists. Then write a paragraph about one of

the people from the list or another person of your choice.

To be a successful journalist, you need to be both talented and dyoamic. You have to write well and write quickly. In order to report the news, a journalist needs to have a good knowledge of world and current events. In addition, you must be able to report a story accurately, an artist a boss a homemaker a parent a teacher

_______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 I like it because...

A For each pair of pictures, write one sentence about what you like and one sentence about what you dislike. Give reasons using the words given.

1. I like this park because it's clean and there are a lot of trees. (because) I don't like this park sinc (since) 2. ________________________________________________ (since)

__________________________________________________ (the reason) 3. ________________________________________________ (because of) __________________________________________________ (due to)

B Think of an example in your city of each of these places: a restaurant, a hotel, a shopping center. Write a sentence about why you like or dislike each one.

Example: The reason / don't like Cho Dang Go[ Restaurant in my hometown is its noisy location right by the freeway

1. __________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________ 6 Success story

A Think of a successful company. Why is it successful? BUSINESS as unusual

The Body Shop International operates in 12 time zones, 25 languages, and 50 countries around the world. The company now has more than 1,900 stores selling five products every two seconds. It now has a range of more than 600 products and 400 accessories. This is a major achievement, since The Body Shop started in 1976 with just one outlet in Britain. The original store had only about 25 homemade products for sale. Most of the ingredients, such as aloe vera and jojoba oil, were not widely known at the time.

The founder of The Body Shop is the entrepreneur Anita Roddick. Roddick had a vision not just of making money, but of developing new beauty products without testing them on animals. It is estimated that more than 55,000 animals are used every year in the European Union in tests on cosmetic products. Common tests include dripping liquids into rabbits' eyes and force-feeding them with test substances. Roddick says her company never has, and never will, use animals for research purposes because she believes these practices are cruel.

Another central feature of Roddick's philosophy is the creation of trading relationships with communities in developing countries. Her objective is to provide income for these communities by

paying reasonable prices for raw materials and accessories. Raw materials include cocoa butter, which is used in hand and body lotions, and accessories include foot massagers from southern India and back-scrubbing products from Honduras.

The Body Shop's belie—fthat business is primarily about human relationships and respect for the natural, world—seems to be popular with customers. Not only has the company grown quickly, but it is also widely seen as reputable. Recently, the company was voted the second best retail company worldwide. Roddick's practices may not be conventional wisdom for success in business, but they have certainly worked for The Body Shop.

B Read the article in a newsletter for new business owners. Look at the words in bold in the article. Can you write definitions or synonyms for each word?

1. accessories _____________________________________________________ 2. outlet _____________________________________________________

3. force-feeding _____________________________________________________ 4. raw materials _____________________________________________________ 5. reputable _____________________________________________________

6. conventional wisdom _____________________________________________________ C In what ways is The Body Shop an unusual company? Can you think of another company that has a similar philosophy to that of Anita Roddick? What do you think of this philosophy? 7 Look at these advertisements and write two sentences about each one. Describe the features and give reasons why you like or dislike the advertisements. Example: A nice thing about the first ad is that it attracts your attention. I like it because of the clever concept. 1. _____________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________ 8 Complete this crossword puzzle. Across

3 For a salesperson to be persuasive, he or she has to be __ with words. 5 The big supermarket __ are causing many small local stores to close.

7 In order for sports clubs to remain popular, they must have the most modern __, such as treadmills and stair climbers.

9 To be __ , successful male models work out daily with trainers. 10 Maybe I'm old-fashioned, but I don't like the latest __ in clothes.

12 I don't have a favorite __ of clothing. Designer clothes are too expensive, so I just buy cheap clothes that look good on me.

13 I like the family-owned shop on my street because it always has interesting __ products that I've never seen before.

14 I don't know why Gloria doesn't try modeling. She is absolutely __. Down

1 For a coffee shop to make enough money to be __ in my neighborhood, it has to attract young people and stay open late.

2 The Leo Jazz Club has a great new band. I've heard they're very __ musicians.

4 Due to its boring content, Weekend Talk ran for only three months. For a TV show to be successful on Saturday evenings, it really has to be __

6 I wouldn't be a good __ because I'm not very persuasive.

8 While I was waiting in the doctor's office, I read a fantastic new __ I liked it so much that I decided to buy it every month from now on.

11 For a clothing boutique to be profitable, the salespeople have to be charming and ___ to make sure that enough customers buy clothes.

13 That's a possibility.

1 What do you think happened? Write an explanation for each event using past modals.

1. Someone might have broken into the house.

2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________________ 7. _____________________________________________________________

2 Write two paragraphs about something strange that has happened to you. In the first paragraph, describe the situation. In the second paragraph, give two or three explanations for what happened.

I invited six friends to a barbecue on the beach. I suggested we meet at eight o'clock. They all said they would come and bring some food.

On the day of the barbecue, only two of my friends showed up. I guess my other friends could have overslept, or they might have decided to do something else. Another possibility is that they may have thought I meant 8 P.M. instead of 8 A.M. I'm not sure what happened! 3 Answer these questions. Write two explanations using past modals. Why do you think ancient Britons built Stonehenge? 1. They might have built it to use as a church. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

How do you think early explorers communicate with people in the places they visited? 3. They could have _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

What do you think happened immediately after the Titanic hit the iceberg?

5. People may have _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4 Strange creatures

A Some cultures have ancient stories about strange creatures similar to humans. For example, in Scandinavia, some people believe that small creatures called elves live in the forests. Are there any legends like this in your country? What are they? The Abominable Snowman

He has been called the \"missing link : half-man, half-beast. He is huge, maybe as much as 2.5 meters tall (8 feet), His body is covered with long brown hair, but his face is hairless, he walks upright on two feet. He lives near the top of Mount Qomolangma, and he is known as the

Abominable Snowman.

The legend of this strange creature is not new. For years, local people have reported seeing the creature they call \"Yeti\" (the all-eating animal) come down from the mountain and attack villagers. Climbers in the 1920s reported stories of huge footprints they saw high in the Ilimalayas—footprints unlike any other animal. In 1951, the explorer Eric Shipton took photographs of enormous tracks in the snow of Mount Qomolangma. lie assumed that the Abominable Snowman really existed and must have walked around in that area.

These days, a few people still believe in the Yeti. llowever, scientists say there should have been more and better evidence than just some footprints in the snow. They also suggest that the tracks Shipton found may have been only bear tracks, ttowever, if anyone ever succeeds in catching an Abominable Snowman, they may face a real problem: Would they put it in a zoo or give it a room in a hotel?

B Read the encyclopedia article about a world-famous legend. Then write answers to the questions.

1. How could someone describe the Abominable Snowman?

_____________________________________________________ 2. What's another name for the Abominable Snowman?

_____________________________________________________ 3. In 1951, what \"evidence\" did Shipton find, and how did he record it? _____________________________________________________

4. Why don't many scientists believe Shipton found tracks of the Abominable Snowman? _____________________________________________________

C Do you think the Abominable Snowman exists? If yes, do you think it is man or beast? 5 Should have, could have, would have

A What should or shouldn't these people have done? Read each situation and check (√) the best suggestion.

1. Joe's old car broke down on the highway late one night. He left the car on the side of the road and walked home.

□ He should have stopped a stranger's car to ask for a ride. □ He could have slept in his car till morning.

□ He should have walked to the nearest pay phone and called a tow truck.

2. Linda was in a park. She saw some people leave all their trash after they had finished their picnic. She did nothing.

□ She did the right thing.

□ She should have asked them to throw away their trash. □ She could have thrown away the trash herself.

3. John saw a three-year-old child walking alone in a shopping mall. He took the child to his home and immediately called the police.

□ He shouldn't have taken the child home. □ He should have left the child alone.

□ He could have taken the child to a security guard in the mall.

4. Mrs. Judd wouldn't let her children watch TV for a month because they broke a window playing baseball.

□ She could have made them pay for the window.

□ She shouldn't have done anything. It was an accident. □ She shouldn't have let them play baseball for a month.

5. Martha's boss borrowed $20 from her a month ago but he forgot to pay her back. Martha never said anything about it.

□ She should have demanded her money back. □ She shouldn't have loaned it to him.

□ She could have written him a nice note asking for the money.

B What would you have done in the situations in part A? Write suggestions or comments using past modals.

1. I would have called a friend to give me a ride home. 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________ 6 Nouns and verbs A Complete the chart. Noun advice ____ criticism ____ Verb advise assume ____ demand Noun excuse ____ suggestion ____ Verb ____ predict ____ warn B Complete the sentences using words from the chart in part A. For the verbs, use shouldn't have + past participle. For the nouns, use the appropriate singular or plural form.

1. I shouldn't have excused you last time! Don't you ever ride my motorcycle without my permission again.

2. Bart bought an expensive ring and gave it to Millie for her birthday. A year later, he asked her to marry him. When she said no, he made an outrageous ________. He said he wanted his ring back!

3. Justin ________ having a beach party. It was so cold that we all got sick.

4. Phil ________ I would still be awake at midnight. I was asleep when he called.

5. Jill said she was late because she got caught in traffic. Hmm! I've heard that ________ before.

6. The weather report said it would rain today.

That ________ was completely wrong. It's been sunny all day.

7. My professor ________ me to take a course in English literature. I have absolutely no interest in it.

8. Josh ________ me for wearing jeans and a T-shirt to a friend's party.

7 Complete these conversations. Use past modals in the box and the verbs given. (More than one modal is possible.) could have may have might have must have should have

1. A: Where's Alex? He's late.

B: He may have gotten (get) stuck in rush-hour traffic. A: He's always late! You know, he should have bought (buy) a new cell phone last month when they had that special. Then he could let us know what the problem is. 2. A: Nina never responded to my invitation.

B: She ________ (not receive) it. You ________ (call) her. 3. A: Jeff hasn't answered his phone for a week.

B: He ________ (go) on vacation. He ________ (tell) you, though - sometimes he's very inconsiderate.

4. A: I can never get in touch with Susan. She never returns phone calls or answers e-mails! B: Yeah, I have the same problem with her. Her voice mail ________ (run out) of space. She ________ (get) a new phone service by now.

5. A: Martin is strange. Sometimes he works really hard, but sometimes he seems pretty lazy. Last week, he hardly did any work.

B: Well, you know, he ________ (not feel) well. Still, he ________ (tell) you that he was sick.

6. A: I ordered a book over the Internet a month ago, but it still hasn't arrived.

B: They ________ (have) a problem with the warehouse, but they ________ (let) you know.

14 Behind the scenes

1 Complete the conversation. Use the passive form of the verbs given. Vera: Putting on a fashion show must be really challenging!

Isaac: Yeah, but it's also fun. All the clothes have to be numbered (number) so that the models wear them in the right sequence. And they also have to ________ (mark) with the name of the right model.

Vera: What happens if something ________ (wear) by the wrong model?

Isaac: Well, if it doesn't fit, it looks terrible! First impressions are very important. A lot of clothes ________ (sell) because they look good at the show. Vera: Do you have to rehearse for a fashion show?

Isaac: Of course! There's more involved than just models and clothes. Special lighting ________ (use), and music ________ (play) during the show. Vera: It sounds complicated.

Isaac: Oh, it is. And at some fashion shows, a commentary may ________ (give). Vera: A commentary? What do you mean?

Isaac: Well, someone talks about the clothes as they ________ (show) on the runway by the models.

Vera: It sounds like timing is really important.

Isaac: Exactly. Everything has to ________ (time) perfectly! Otherwise, the show may ________ (ruin).

2 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Often, special music has to be ________ for a film. (composed / designed / hired)

2. A play may be ________ for several weeks before it is shown to the public. (shot / taken / rehearsed)

3. Designing ________ for actors to wear requires a lot of creativity. (scripts / sets / costumes)

4. Newspapers are ________ to stores after they are printed. (expanded / distributed / reported)

5. ________ are added after the film has been put together. (Preparations / Sound effects / Takes)

3 Complete this passage. Use the passive form of the verbs given.

1. Nowadays, all sorts of things are produced (produce) in factories, including lettuce! At one food factory, fresh green lettuce ________ (grow) without sunlight or soil. Here is how it ________ (do).

2. Lettuce seedlings ________ (place) at one end of a long production line. Conveyor beltts ________ (use) to move the seedlings slowly along. The tiny plants ________ (expose) to light from fluorescent lamps.

3. They have to ________ (feed) through the roots with plant food and water that ________ (control) by a computer.

4. Thirty days later, the plants ________ (collect) at the other end of the conveyor belts. 5. They may ________ (deliver) to the vegetable market the same day.

4 A puppet show

A Have you ever seen a puppet show? What was it like? Did you enjoy it?

International puppets

The first puppets are thought to have been used in India over 4,000 years ago. Since then, different kinds of puppets have become popular around tire world.

Hand puppets are usually about 50 cm (20 inches) tall. Their main feature is a large head that has a costume with arms attached to it. These puppets are worn like a glove. The puppeteer, who stands below the stage, operates fire puppet with his or her fingers. Hand puppets are widely used in European countries, such as Italy, France, and Britain.

Rod puppets have long been used in Japan and Italy and are now very popular in Eastern Europe. They are similar in shape to hand puppets but are much bigger—sometimes over 1 meter (40 inches) tall. The puppeteer, who works from below the stage, operates the puppet with rods that are attached to it: a thick rod fixed to the puppet's back, and thinner rods fixed to its neck, head. and arms. The puppeteer, holding the thick rod in one hand and the thinner rods in the other hand. can move the parts separately

Shadow puppets are similar to rod puppets but are unique in that they are flat and much smaller—about 50 cm (20 inches ). In addition, they are seen by audiences in a completely different way—these puppets appear as shadows on a screen that is lit from behind. They are controlled either from below or beside the stage. Shadow puppets, which originally came from China and Indonesia, later became popular in Turkey and Greece.

Marionettes are puppets that are constructed from several small parts. Their height varies, and they are moved by strings that are controlled from above. Many marionettes are hung on nine strings, but there are some in Myanmar that have up to 60 strings. They can be made to perform interesting tricks, such as blowing smoke from a pipe.

B Read the article about different types of puppets. Complete the chart. Size How constructed ? How moved? Position of puppeteer Where commonly used Hand puppets Rod puppets ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Shadow puppets Marionettes ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ C How many of these types of puppets have you seen? Why do you think children love puppets?

5 Join these sentences with who or that. Add a comma wherever one is needed. Examples:

Foreign correspondents are journalists.

They report on a particular part of the world.

Foreign correspondents are journalists that report on a particular part of the world. A junior newspaper reporter has to do a lot of research on news stories. He or she is often new to journalism.

A junior newspaper reporter, who is often new to journalism, has to do a lot of research on news stories. 1. A photo editor selects only the best photos for the newspaper.

He or she tells the photographers what news stories to cover.

_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. A Web-page designer is a skilled artist.

He or she creates computer files with text, sound, and graphics for the Internet. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. A support technician is a skilled person.

He or she responds to calls from people with computer problems. ________ ________

4. Fashion models have to make designer clothes look good. They are almost always young and slender.

_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 5. TV sitcoms include actors and actresses.

They are recognized by television viewers around the world.

_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 6 Match the definitions with the jobs. 1. a cinematographer g 2. a film editor ____ 3. a gossip columnist ____ 4. a graphic designer ____ 5. a location scout ____ 6. a stagehand ____ 7. a stunt person ____ 8. a talk-show host ____

a. a journalist who specializes in reporting on the personal lives of famous people b. someone who looks for places to shoot scenes in a film

c. someone that helps a movie director put together the best \"takes\"

d. a person who does dangerous scenes in a movie in place of the main actor e. a TV personality who invites guests to come on his or her program f. a person who moves sets and furniture for theater and film productions g. a person who operates the main camera during shooting h. someone that creates the design for a printed work

7 Choose one of the jobs in Exercise 6 or another job you're interested in. In the first paragraph, describe the job and why you would like to have it. In the second paragraph, describe what the job involves behind the scenes. Use relative clauses in some of your descriptions.

If I worked in journalism, I'd like to be a foreign correspondent like Christiane Amanpour. These days, foreign correspondents, who are on call 24 hours a day, ofen work for both a newspaper and a broadcasting company all over the world I would enjoy... Behind the scenes, foreign correspondents are members of news teams, which include technicians and camera operators. Together they ensure that their organization receives news of important world evevts as soon as they happen, and, if possible, before any competitors! Foreign correspondents also have to... __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Describe six steps in the process of renovating a restaurant. Use the words in the pictures, and the passive form of the verbs given below. 1. designer 2. builders 3. painters 4. electrician

5. delivery people 6. owner

1. First, an interior designer's renovation plan is approved. (approve) 2. Next, _____________________________________________________ (build) 3. Then _____________________________________________________ (repaint) 4. After that, _________________________________________________ (install) 5. Then _____________________________________________________ (deliver) 6. Finally, ____________________________________________________ (reopen)

15 There should be a law!

1What should be done about each situation? Write sentences about these pictures, giving your opinion or a recommendation. Use the passive form with should, shouldn't, or ought to. 1. Leaving trash in the streets 2. Writing graffiti on walls

3. Playing car stereos late at night

4. Not maintaining public transportation well

1. People shouldn't be allowed to leave trash in the streets, OR People ought to be required to pick up their own trash. 2. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

2 Give recommendations about the situations shown in these pictures. Use the passive form with have to, must, or mustn't.

1. A law has to be passed to prevent people from losing their homes. OR Something must be done to repair abandoned homes. 2. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

3 Think of four things that you have strong opinions about. Write your opinions and explain your reasons for them. Use passive modals.

Example: In my opinion, a four-day week should be given to everyone because people need more free time. 1. I feel that _____________________________________________________________ 2. I think that ____________________________________________________________ 3. In my opinion, _________________________________________________________ 4. I don't think that ________________________________________________________ 4 Respond to these opinions by giving a different one of your own. Use expressions from the box. That's interesting, but I think...

That's not a bad idea. On the other hand, I feel...

You may have a point. However, I think... Do you? I'm not sure...

1. A: Mandarin Chinese is a very useful language to learn.

B: You may have a point. However, I think that English is more useful for traveling. 2. A: I think having a pet makes you more relaxed.

B: _____________________________________________________________ 3. A: Public transportation should be provided free of charge.

B: _____________________________________________________________ 4. A: I think having a car is almost a necessity nowadays.

B: _____________________________________________________________ 5. A: In my opinion, all plastic containers should be banned.

B: _____________________________________________________________ 5 Getting revenge

A Have you ever been so annoyed with a friend or neighbor that you did something to annoy him or her in return? If so, what did your friend or neighbor do? What did you do in return? Revenge stories

1 I used to have friend who was a lot of fun. She always loved to go out to eat together. There was just one small problem: Every time the waiter brought the check, she would say, \"Uh-oh! I don't have enough money with me. Could I pay you back later?.\"

This was OK the first and second time it happened. But these excuses happened again and again—even for little things, like a cup of coffee or a snack after class!

So, I finally decided to get my revenge. The next time we went out for dinner, I announced that l had forgotten my wallet. She was shocked, but she paid the check. However, she has never called me to go out again. I guess she was a moocher—a person who always tries to get someone else to pay.

—Marcy, California

2 My neighbors used to keep rabbits in their yard, but they treated them very badly. Rabbit pens should be cleaned regularly, but these rabbits were very dirty, and the smell was really terrible. Worse, I noticed that the rabbits didn't have enough to eat or drink. When I complained to my neighbors, they said, \"it's none of your business. They're not your rabbits, are they?\"

When I called the animal protection society, they said they would investigate. I waited a week, but nothing happened. One night, I stole the rabbits and took them home. The next day I gave them to a local pet shelter. —Jonathan, Colorado

3 I was having problems sleeping because of a dripping noise coming from my air conditioner. I thought the air conditioner needed to be repaired, so I called a technician. She couldn't find anything wrong with it, but she said the dripping was coming from the apartment above me. I asked my neighbor to have his air conditioner checked, but he said, \"If you can't sleep, that's your problem!\"

The following day, I climbed a ladder and attached a rubber pipe to my neighbor's air conditioner. Then I stuck the pipe through his bedroom window. The next night, my neighbor's bedroom was flooded! —Chad, Florida

B Read the posts on an Internet site. Then complete the chart. Problem 1. 2. First attempt to solve it Final solution 3. C Do you think getting revenge—doing something mean to someone in return—is a good or bad thing? Why?

6 Add tag questions to these statements.

1. It isn't easy to make ends meet these days, is it ? 2. The city doesn't provide enough services for elderly people, does it? 3. You can easily spend all your money on food and rent, ________? 4. Some unemployed people don't really want to work, ________? 5. Health care is getting more and more expensive, ________? 6. There are a lot of homeless people downtown, ________?

7. Some companies have excellent child-care services, ________? 8. Laws should be passed to reduce street crime, ________? 7 Nouns and verbs A Complete the chart. Noun abolition abuse ____ disturbance ____ Verb abolish ____ advertise ____ gamble Noun improvement ____ pollution ____ requirernent Verb ____ insure ____ provide ____ B Write eight sentences with tag questions using words from the chart. Use four of the nouns and four of the verbs.

Example: The practice of keeping animals in cages should be abolished, shouldn't it? 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________________ 7. _____________________________________________________________ 8. _____________________________________________________________ 8 Give one reason for and one reason against these opinions. 1. Children should be made to study a foreign language in primary school. For: It would help children understand other cultures. Against: I don't think it would be easy to find enough teachers. 2. Literacy programs should be developed by our public schools.

For: _____________________________________________________ Against: _____________________________________________________ 3. More tax money ought to be spent on cleaning graffiti off city walls. For: _____________________________________________________ Against: _____________________________________________________ 4. Stray animals should be cared for free of charge, shouldn't they? For: _____________________________________________________ Against: _____________________________________________________

9 Complete the conversation. Use passive modals and tag questions.

Kate: You know, I just moved into this new apartment building, and I thought everything would be really great now.

Tony: What's the problem?

Kate: Well, yesterday, the manager gave me a copy of the house rules. I found out that I can't park my moped on the sidewalk in front of the building anymore.

Tony: But people shouldn't ________ to park their bikes or mopeds there. (permit)

Kate: Why not? There isn't any other place to park, ________? I guess I'll have to park on the street now.

Tony: Yes, that's too bad, but I also think people shouldn't ________ to block the sidewalk or the entrance to the building. (allow)

Kate: Well, you may have a point, but parking spaces for all types of cycles need ________ for renters here. (provide) Everyone with a car has a parking space, ________?

Tony: Well, yes, you're right. You should go to the next renter's meeting and discuss the issue with everyone else.

Kate: That's not a bad idea. My voice ought ________ (hear) as much as anyone else's—I think I will!

16 Challenges and accomplishments

1 Complete the sentences with your own ideas about the jobs in the box. acting in movies being unemployed √teaching young children being a student doing volunteer work writing for a magazine

1. One of the most rewarding aspects of teaching young children is seeing them develop. 2. The most challenging thing ________ 3. One of the rewards ________

4. One of the most difficult things ________ 5. The most interesting aspect ________

6. One of the least interesting aspects ________ 2 The best and worst of it

A Complete the chart with your own ideas. Job 1. social worker 2.using a computer all day 4.emergency-room nurse One of the best things helping people ________ ________ One of the worst things ________ getting eye strain ________ working long hours 3. running your own business making your own schedule B Write about the positive and negative aspects of the jobs in part A. 1. One of the best things about being a social worker is helping people. One of the worst things is 2. ___________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________

3 Write two paragraphs about a job you find interesting. In the first paragraph, describe some positive aspects of the job. In the second paragraph, describe some of its negative aspects.

Being a veterinarian is hot rewarding and challenging. People bring animals with different sorts of problems into the clinic every day. One of the best things about the job is treating and curing those animals that are seriously sick or injured. It's an amazing thing to be able to save an animal and bring a smile to a pet owner's fce. Sometimes, if an animal is very sick or badly injured, it's not possible to treat it successfully. The saddest aspect of the job is dealing with animals you cannot save. It's a terrible loss for both the vet and the pet owner. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Huge challenges, enormous rewards

A Have you ever done volunteer work? If so, what kind of work did you do? If not, is there any kind of volunteer work that you would like to do?

Médecins Sans Frontières

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), which means \"Doctors Without Borders,\" was established in 1971. It is now the world's largest independent organization that provides emergency medical relief. Its aim is to help people who have suffered badly in wars or natural disasters, such as earthquakes or floods.

Each year, about 3,000 people are sent abroad to work in more than 70 different countries worldwide. MSF relies on volunteer professionals but also works closely with locals. In most projects, there are seven local staff members to every one foreigner. Volunteers are paid about $800 a month and receive travel expenses. They usually work for nine months to a year on a project. However, about 50 percent of volunteers go on more than one mission. One volunteer reports, \"Working in politically sensitive areas with limited resources can be frustrating, but there is huge satisfaction in making even a small or temporary difference to people. What better recommendation than to say \"I’m about to leave on a third mission!\"

What qualities and skills do you need to become a volunteer? You have to be able to deal with stress, and you need to be able to work independently as well as in a team. You are not required to have medical qualifications. Besides medical expertise, MSF needs the skills of technical staff such as building engineers and food experts.

The reaction of volunteers returning from MSF speaks for itself. \"One of my biggest challenges was organizing a team to open a new hospital in a town that had had no medical care for three years,\" one volunteer said. This volunteer said the project was a success because of the reduction of deaths and the fact that the local people were so thankful. Another volunteer says, \"With MSF, I have had the chance to travel and test my skills to the limits both professionally and personally. The rewards can be enormous.\"

B Read the magazine article. What are two challenges and two rewards of volunteering? Challenges: _______________________________________________________________ Rewards: _________________________________________________________________ C Answer the questions.

1. What is the aim of Médecins Sans Frontières?

____________________________________________________________________ 2. How many countries receive foreign volunteers through MSF?

_____________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the average ratio of local staff members to foreign volunteers?

_____________________________________________________________________ 4. What personal qualities must volunteers have?

_____________________________________________________________________ 5. What kinds of experts does MSF require?

_____________________________________________________________________ 5 Choose the correct word.

1. If teachers are to be successful, they have to be ________. (dependent / inflexible / resourceful)

2. You have to be ________ if you work as a volunteer. (adaptable / cynical / unimaginative) 3. If you take a job far from your family and

friends, you have to be ________. (compassionate / dependent / self-sufficient)

4. It's no good being ________ if you're an emergency-room nurse. (courageous / rigid / upbeat)

5. One of the most important things about working with children is being positive and not ________. (adaptable / cynical / resourceful)

6. Being a role model for troubled youths requires someone who is strong and ________. (courageous / dependent / timid)

6 Choose the correct prepositions.

□ about □ by □ for □ from □ in □ of

1. One of the most exciting things about working abroad is learning about another culture. 2. In the next few years, I'd like to have lived in a culture that's very different ________ my own.

3. For me, the most difficult aspect ________ working abroad is learning a foreign language. 4. Working ________ an organization like the Peace Corps is very rewarding. 5. I'd like to have gotten another degree ________ two years. 6. I hope I'll have gotten married ________ the time I'm 30. 7 Accomplishments and goals

A Match the verbs with the nouns. Write the collocations. (More than one answer mav be possible.) Verbs Nouns □ debts 1. buy a house 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. ________ 6. ________ □√ buy □ get □ learn □ make □ meet □ pay off □√a house □ a move □ a promotion □ new skills □ someone special B Write about accomplishments and goals. Use your own information, the words in part A, and the present perfect, past simple, future perfect, or would like to have + past participle.

1. My sister and her husband have managed to save enough money to buy a house. I expect to have bought a house within five years.

2. ________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________ 8 Personal portraits

A Write three sentences about the accomplishments of someone you know very well. Use the present perfect or simple past. Example:

By carefully investing his money, my friend Paulo has been able to retire at 30. He has managed to set up an oaganizationthat helps find jobs for people who are homeless. In addition, he... ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

B Write three sentences about things the same person would like to have achieved in the next ten years. Use the future perfect or would like to have + past participle. Example: Paulo would like to have traveled a lot by the time he's 40. He hopes to have started an organization to provide scholarships for needy college students. He also hopes he'll have...

________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Component List for Interchange 3

(Third Edition) Title Student's Book 3 (with Vocabulary Book) Teacher's Edition 3 Workbook 3 中文书名 学生用书3(附赠词汇手册) 教师用书3 练习册3 ISBN 978-7-5600-6355-3 978-7-5600-6358-4 978-7-5600-6359-1 Student's Book 3 (with 2 Self-study Audio 学生用书3(含2张学生用盘和978-7-5600-6364-5 CDs and Vocabulary Book) 词汇手册) Teacher's Edition 3 (with 4 Class Audio 教师用书3(含4张课堂用盘) 978-7-5600-6367-6 CDs) Teacher's Resource Book 3 (with 1 Audio 教师资源手册3(含1张CD) 978-7-5600-6349-2 CD) DVD 3 Video Activity Book 3 Video Teacher's Guide 3 DVD 3 录像活动用书3 录像教师用书3 978-7-5600-6363-8 978-7-5600-6362-1 Student's Book 3A (with Vocabulary Book ) 学生用书3A(附赠词汇手册) 978-7-5600-6356-0 Student's Book 3B ( with Vocabulary Book ) 学生用书3B(附赠词汇手册) 978-7-5600-6357-7 Workbook 3A Workbook 3B 练习册3A 练习册3B 978-7-5600-6360-7 978-7-5600-6361-4 Student's Book 3A ( with 1 Self-study Audio 学生用书3A(含1张学生用盘978-7-5600-6365-2 CD and Vocabulary Book) 和词汇手册) Student's Book 3B ( with 1 Self-study Audio 学生用书3B(含1张学生用盘978-7-5600-6366-9 CD and Vocabulary Book) 和词汇手册) Class Audio Cassettes 3 Student's Self-study Audio Cassette 3A Student's Self-study Audio Cassette 3B

课堂用带3 学生用带3A 学生用带3B