学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。
一．宾语从句的定义
宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语 作动词的宾语:
I heard that he would come here later on.
主语 谓语动词 一个句子作宾语 作介词的宾语:
He said nothing about who broke the window last night.
主语 谓语动词 代词作动词的宾语 介词 一个句子作介词的宾语 二.宾语从句中引导词（连接词）的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
①连词：
He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets. Attention：宾语从句的否定转移
当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect ，imagine, guess等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 在以下情况中that不能省略
1、当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better． 2、 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3、 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
I can’t tell him that his mother died. 4、当it作形式宾语时
例句：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。 5、当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe．
6、当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
由whether,if 引导的宾语从句
当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如： I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：
①在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether（if…or not也可以使用）。如：
Let me know whether ／if he will come or not．（＝Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether ／if he does any washing or not．（＝I don't know whether or not he does any washing．）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego．我不知道我们是去还是留。 ②在介词之后用whether。如：
I'm interested in whether he likes English．我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。 We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time．我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
③在不定式前用whether。如：
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man．他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train．他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
④whether置于句首时，不能换用if。如：
Whether this is true or not，I can't say．这是否真的我说不上来。 ⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如：
Whether she will come or not is still a question．她是否能来还是个问题。 ⑥若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。如：
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：
a．Please let me know whether you like the book．请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。 b．If you like the book，please let me know．你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。 只能用if不能用whether引导的从句
1、 if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. 2、 if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
3、 引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时
He talks as if he has known all about it.
连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
②连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏么？
The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
③连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
练习题
(1) I don’t know ___________or not.
A. whether he is at home B. if he is at home C. that he is at home D. whether is he at home
(2) This depends on _________ the weather is fine. A. which B. whether C. if D. that
(3) The teacher asked the new student ________ class he was in. A. which B. where C. if D. that
(4) I don’t know ________ Mr. Green will come to see us. He’ll help us with our English. A. why B. when C. how D. where
(5) --- Be careful! Don’t break the bottles. Do you hear ______ I said? David? --- Yes, Mum
A. what B. that C. why D. if
(6) --- Do you know _______ Mr Black’s address is?
--- He may live at NO.18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. I’m not sure of ______. A. where, which B. where, what C. what, which D. what, where
(7) There is not much difference between the two. I really don’t know _____. A. what should I choose B. which I should choose C. which should I choose D. what I should choose
三.宾语从句的语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句＋连词＋宾语从句（主语＋谓语＋……）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种： 1）连接词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which等。 Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？
The small children don't know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西. 2）连接词＋名词＋谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much等。如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room．老师问我们房间里有多少人。 3）连接词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where，if ／whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi．他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？ 4）连接词＋名词＋主语＋谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how等。如：
Do you know which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
练习题
(1) Did you find out ______?
A. she was looking for whose child B. whose child was she looking for C. whose child she is looking for D. whose child she was looking for (2) Are you interested in _____?
A. how did he do it B. he did it how C. how he did it D. he how did it (3) I don’t know _____. Can you tell me?
A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are (4) --- What did the scientist say?
--- He said he wondered if _____ into space by spaceship one day. A. he had to fly B. he could fly C. can he fly D. could he fly (5) Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ____?
A. Where the bank nearest B. where is the nearest bank C. where the nearest bank is D. the nearest bank is where （6）She asked Tom ________ with his car? A. what the matter was B. what the matter is C. what was the matter D. what is the matter
四.宾语从句的时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用相应的过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如： ①The children didn't know who he was．孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened．他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说地球绕着太阳转。
练习题
(1) It’s 7:30. I can’t believe you___ cooking dinner yet, Sally. A. haven’t started B. didn’t C. don’t start D. hadn’t started
(2) The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ____ Christmas Day. A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
(3) The teacher said that the earth _______round the sun. A. goes B. go C. went D. will go
(4) We ’d like to tell you that you ______the exam. A. have passed B. had passed C. pass D. will pass
(5) “Could you tell me______?” “Yes. They ____ to the library.”
A. where are the twins, have been B. where were the twins, have been C. where the twins are, have gone D, where the twins were, have gone (6) Our father said that he ______ a new computer next week. A. will buy B. have bought C. would buy D. buys (7) I hear that he ______ to Beijing yesterday. A. goes B. will go C. went D. have gone
五．简化宾语从句常用六法
同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：
方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如： Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon. We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如： He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us. The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well. Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy
六．注意
if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？ —Sorry，I don't know．When he comes back，I'll tell you．对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。
—I don't know if he will come．我不知道他是否会来。 —He will come if it doesn't rain．如果不下雨，他会来的。
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三、宾语从句专项练习
一、将下面的句子连接成为含有宾语从句的复合句。 1．These flowers are from Guangdong. He said.
He said ______ these flowers ______ from Guangdong. 2. Light travels faster than sound. My teacher told me.
My teacher told me _____ light _______ faster than sound. 3．There will be a meeting in five days. Jack didn’t know.
Jack didn’t know _____ there _____ ____ a meeting in five days. 4．Can they speak French? I want to know.
I want to know ______ _______ _______ _______ French. 5．Are the children playing games? Tell me.
Tell me ______ the children ______ ______ games.
6．Have you finished your homework yet? Mr. Zhao asked Ma Gang. Mr. Zhao asked Ma Gang ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ homework yet. 7．How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows?
Who knows ______ _____ _____ ____ _____ ______ in the picture? 8．Where did she park her car? Do you know? Do you know _____ _____ ____ her car?
9．What does he often talk about? The girl wondered. The girl wondered _____ _____ often ________ about. 10．Who knocked at the door so loudly? I don’t know.
I don’t know ____ _______ at the door so loudly. 11. Does he still live in that street? I don't know.
I don't know ______ he still _______ in that street. 12. What's his name? I asked him.
I asked him what _____ _____ _____. 13. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.
Please tell me ________ _________ ________ _________. 14. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys.
He asked the boys _______ they ______ fried chicken. 15. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know.
I don't know _______ the watch _______ made in Shanghai. 二、选择填空。
1. What did Mike say? He said ______.
A. if you are free the next week B. what color was it
C. the weather is fine D. summer comes after spring 2. Tom asked my friend _______.
A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon C. when did he come back D. not to be so angry 3. Let me tell you ________.
A. how much is the car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car 4. Peter knew ________.
A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris 5. Could you tell me ________?
A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in 6. I can't understand ______the boy alone.
A. why she left B. why did she leave C. why she had left D. why had she left 7. She told me the sun ______ in the east.
A. rise B. rose C. rises D. had risen 8. I don't know ______ up so early last Sunday.
A. why did he get B. why he gets C. why does he get D. why he got 9. The manager came up to see _______.
A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. what the matter is D. what's the matter 10. He asked his father _______.
A. where it happens B. where did it happen C. how it happened D. how did it happen 11. No one tells us_____, so we need your help.
A. how we should do B. what should we do C. how to do it D. what to do it 12. Could you please teach me ____ the computer?
A. how check B. to check C. how to check D. to how checking 13. They don't know ______their parents are.
A that B what C why D which 14. ─Where do you think _____ he _____ the TV set? ─ Sorry, I've no idea.
A. /, bought B. has, bought C. did, and buy D. did bought
15. Our homework has changed a lot. Who can tell ____ it would be like in ___ five years. A. how, another B. what, more C. how, other D. what, another
16. ─ Could you tell me _____? ─ Yes. He ____ to the USA.
A. where is he/ has been B. where he is/ has gone C. where was he/ has been D. where he was/ has gone 17. ─Mike wants to know if ____ a picnic tomorrow. ─Yes. But if it _____, we'll visit the museum instead. A. you have/ will rain B. you will have/ will rain C. you will have/ rains D. will you have/ rains 18. I really don't know if she ____ it when she _____.
A. finds/ arrives B. finds/ will arrive C. will find/ will arrive D. will find/ arrives 19. Miss Liu said _____ she would leave the message on the headmaster’s desk. A. that B. where C. which D. what 20. He asked me _______.
A. who will kick the first goal in the World Cup B. when was the APEC meeting held C. when China became a member of the WTO D. where the 2008 Olympics will be held 三、用合适的连接词填空。
1. Jim told me _________ he didn't go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why） 2. Do you know __________ else is going to be on duty today？（who, whom） 3. She said __________ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if）
4. He always thinks ___________ he can do better.（how, who）
5. I really don't know ____________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon） 6. They don't know ___________ to go or wait. (if, whether)
7. We are talking about __________ we’ll go back tomorrow. (whether, if) 8. I was really surprised at ___________ I saw. (where, what)
9. I don't know __________ so many people are looking at him. (how, why) 10. Do you know ___________ you are studying for? (why, what) 四、句型转换。
1. “Do you want to try it?” Tom's mother asked him.(同义句)→
Tom's mother asked him __________ __________ __________ to try it. 2. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） →
I __________ ___________ this ___________ a good idea. 3. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） →
Lucy hasn't decided ___________ ____________ ___________ __________ buy. 4. I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句） →
I don't know ___________ ___________ ___________ to the hospital.
5. I don’t suppose they will come, __________ __________? (改为反意疑问句) 五、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. We are sure that he ___________ (go) to school tomorrow.
2. Do you know who __________ (be) the first man to walk on the moon? 3. Could you tell me where the post office _________ (is)?
4. Our father said that he __________ (will) buy a new computer. 5. I hear that he ___________ (swim) in the sea yesterday. 6. The little boy tells us where his father __________ (work). 7. He said that he ____________ (finish) his work already.
8. They thought they could __________ (hike) to the top of the mountain. 9. He was glad that so many people ________ (help) him.
10. She doesn’t know whether ___________ (go) or wait.
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